早开堇菜Viola prioantha Bunge

别名：光瓣堇菜;合日其也斯图－尼勒－其其格;黄犁铧草;锯花堇菜;犁铧草;早花地丁;紫花地丁;尖瓣堇菜;铧头草;

科名：堇菜科 Violaceae

属名：堇菜属 Viola

《中国植物志》第51卷059页
  42. 早开堇菜（东北师范大学科学研究通报） 光瓣堇菜（静生生物调查所汇报）
  Viola prionantha Bunge in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. Sav. Etrang. 2: 82. 1833; Forb. et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 53. 1886, pro syn.; W. Beck. in Bot. Jahrb. 54 Beibl. 12: 179. 1917; Kitag. Lineam. Fl. Mansh. 323. 1939 et Neo-Lineam. Fl. Mansh. 458. 1979; Chang in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. n. s. 1: 253, 262. 1949; Juz. in Kom. Fl. URSS 15: 418. 1949; 竹内亮, 东北师范大学科学研究通报 1: 78. 图版1, 图10. 1955; 东北植物检索表 230. 1959; 北京植物志 上册 592. 图753. 1984; 中国高等植物图鉴 2: 905. 图3540. 1972; 东北草本植物志 6: 108. 图版42. 1977; 秦岭植物志 1(3): 321. 1981.内蒙古植物志4: 117, 图版54, 图2-9. 1979; 云南种子植物名录 上册 20. 1984; 中国沙漠植物志 2: 386. 图版137: 8. 1987; 汪劲武等, 植物研究 8(2): 129. 1988; ——V. prionantha. Bunge var. sylvatica Kitag. in Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manch. 2: 296. 1938; ——V. patrinii DC. ex Ging. β. chinensis auct. non Ging.: Franch. Pl. David. 1: 41. 1884; Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. 23: 315. 1877, p. p.; H. de Boiss. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2(11): 1078. 1901; ——V. chinensis auct. non G. Don: Kom. Fl. Mansh. 3: 53. 1905.

《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Viola prionantha  Bunge
早开堇菜   zao kai jin cai
Viola prionantha var. sylvatica Kitagawa; V. prionantha var. trichantha C. J. Wang; V. taishanensis C. J. Wang.
Herbs perennial, acaulescent, 3-10 cm tall at anthesis, to 20 cm at fruiting. Rhizome erect, short, 4-20 cm, stout, to 9 mm in diam., often surrounded by remains of leaves of previous year in upper part; roots several, gray-white, long, robust, usually produced from lower part of rhizome, straight descending or sometimes subhorizontal. Leaves numerous, basal; stipules greenish or glaucous, membranous when dry, ca. 2/3 adnate to petioles, lower ones 7-9 mm wide, free part linear-lanceolate, 7-13 mm, margin remotely denticulate; petiole 1-5 cm at anthesis, to 13 cm at fruiting, robust, narrowly winged in upper part, glabrous or puberulous; leaf blade at anthesis oblong-ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or narrowly ovate, 1-4.5 cm × 6-20 mm, both surfaces glabrous or puberulous, sometimes hairy only along veins, base slightly cordate, truncate, or broadly cuneate, slightly decurrent, margin usually involute when young, densely crenulate, apex obtuse or ± acute; leaf blade conspicuously enlarged at fruiting, to 10 × 4 cm, triangular-ovate, broadest near middle, base usually broadly cordate. Flowers purple-violet or purplish, light colored and purple striate at throat, large, 1.2-2 cm in diam., not fragrant; pedicels angled, exceeding leaves, robust, 2-bracteolate near middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 6-8 mm, margin narrowly white membranous, apex acute, basal auricles 1-2 mm, apex irregularly dentate or subentire, ciliate or glabrous. Upper petals obovate, 8-11 mm, curved upward, lateral ones oblong-obovate, 8-12 mm, glabrous or rarely sparsely bearded, anterior one 1.4-2.5 cm (spur included); spur 5-9 mm, 1.5-2.5 mm in diam., apex obtuse and curved upward. Appendage of connectives ca. 1.5 mm; anthers 1.5-2 mm; spur of 2 anterior stamens ca. 4.5 mm, apex acute. Ovary narrowly ellipsoid, glabrous; styles clavate, base conspicuously geniculate, thickened in upper part; stigmas flat or slightly concave, very rounded or narrowly margined on lateral sides and abaxially, very shortly beaked in front, with a smaller stigma hole at tip of beak. Capsule narrowly ellipsoid, 5-12 mm, glabrous, apex obtuse, often with persistent styles. Seeds numerous, deep brown, ovoid-globose, ca. 2 mm, ca. 1.5 mm in diam., often brown-punctate. Fl. Mar-Apr and Oct, fr. May-Sep. 2n = 48*.
Grasslands on mountain slopes, streamsides, alongside houses; below 2800 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan [Korea, Russia].