茜堇菜Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim.
茜堇菜Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim.
39．茜堇菜（东北师范大学科学研究通报）白果堇菜（中国高等植物图鉴），秃果堇菜（拉汉种子植物名称）图版11: 7-15
Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim. in Mel. Biol. 9: 726. 1876 et in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. 23: 318. 1877; Palib. in Acta Hort. Petrop. 17 (1): 34. 1899; H. de Boiss. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2 (11): 1079. 1901; Kom. Fl. Mansh. 3: 56. 1905; W. Beck. in Bot. Jahrb. 54 Beibl. 120, 186. 1917; Kitag. Lineam. Fl. Mansh. 322. 1939. et Neo-Lineam. Fl. Mansh. 457. 1979; Juz. in Kom. Fl. URSS 15: 411, t. 20, f. 7. 1949; 竹内亮, 东北师范大学科学研究通报 1: 76. 1955; 东北植物检索表230. 图版72, 图11. 1959; 中国高等植物图鉴2: 919, 图3567. 1972; 东北草本植物志6: 106, 图版40, 图2-5. 1977; 内蒙古植物志4: 117, 图版56, 1979; 秦岭植物志1 (3): 322, 图281. 1981; 汪劲武等, 植物研究8 (2): 129. 1988.——V. hirta L. var. glabella Regel in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. ser. 7, t. 477. 1861. ——V. conilii Franch. et Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. 285. 1879.
多年生草本，无地上茎，高6-17厘米，花期较低矮，果期显著增高。根状茎短粗，被白色鳞片，垂直，长3-10毫米，生2至数条根；根较粗而长，不分枝，黄褐色，长可达18厘米；叶均基生，莲座状，叶片最下方者常呈圆形，其余叶片呈卵形或卵圆形，长1.5-4.5厘米，宽1.2-2.5厘米，果期长6-7厘米，宽5.5-6厘米，先端钝或稍尖，边缘具低而平的圆齿，基部稍呈心形但果期通常呈深心形，两面散生或密被 (通常在花期的幼叶上) 白色短毛，下面有时稍带淡紫色；叶柄长而细，长4-13厘米，上部具明显的翅，幼时密被短毛，后渐稀疏；托叶外围者呈膜质，苍白色，无叶片，内部者淡绿色，1/2以上与叶柄合生，离生部分披针形或狭披针形，先端长渐尖，边缘疏生短流苏状细齿。花紫红色，有深紫色条纹；花梗细弱，通常超出于叶或与叶近等长，被短毛，稀无毛，中部以上有2枚线形小苞片；萼片披针形或卵状披针形，连附属物长6-7毫米，先端尖，具狭膜质缘，基部附属物长1-2毫米，末端钝圆或截形，通常具不整齐的浅牙齿，密生或疏生短毛及缘毛；上方花瓣倒卵形，长11-13毫米，宽约6-7毫米，先端常具波状凹缺，侧方花瓣长圆状倒卵形，长11-13毫米，宽5-6毫米，里面基部有明显的长须毛，下方花瓣连距长1.7-2.2毫米，先端具微凹；距细管状，长6-9毫米，粗1-1.8毫米，直或稍向上弯，末端圆，有时疏生细毛；雄蕊5，药隔顶端附属物长约1.5毫米，花药长约2毫米，下方2个雄蕊背方具细长之距，距长6-7毫米，粗0.3-0.4毫米；子房卵球形，密被短柔毛，花柱棍棒状，基部膝曲，向上部明显增粗，柱头两侧及背部明显增厚成直伸或平展的缘边，前方具较粗的短喙，柱头孔较粗。蒴果椭圆形，长6-8毫米，幼果密被短粗毛，成熟时毛渐变稀疏。种子卵球形，红棕色，长约1.5毫米，直径约1毫米。花果期4月下旬至9月。
产黑龙江东南部、吉林东部、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、山西、陕西、宁夏、甘肃东部、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、四川。生于向阳山坡草地、灌丛及林缘等处。朝鲜、日本及苏联远东地区有分布。模式标本采自黑龙江西岸 Gavma 河河口处。
本种全体被短毛；叶片通常卵形，基部微心形或圆形，子房及幼果密被短毛，蒴果通常疏生短毛故较易辨认。但在果期，蒴果上几乎近于无毛时常常易与早开堇菜 V. prionanthaBunge 相混淆，不过前者叶片及花梗和萼片附属物上均有明显的短毛可以区别。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Viola phalacrocarpa Maximowicz
茜堇菜 qian jin cai
Herbs perennial, acaulescent, 6-17 cm tall, dwarf at anthesis, conspicuously taller at fruiting. Rhizome erect, short, 3-10 mm, stout, covered with white scales, with 2 to several roots; roots yellow-brown, long, to 18 cm, robust, simple. Leaves basal, rosulate; outer stipules glaucous, membranous, bladeless, inner ones greenish, over 1/2 adnate to petiole, free part lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, apex long acuminate, margin remotely shortly fimbriate-denticulate; petiole long, 4-13 cm, slender, conspicuously winged in upper part, densely puberulous when young, later sparsely puberulous; leaf blades of lowest leaves often orbicular, those of others ovate or ovate-orbicular, 1.5-4.5 × 1.2-2.5 cm, to 6-7 × 5.5-6 cm at fruiting, both surfaces sparsely or densely (usually on young leaves at anthesis) white puberulous, sometimes purplish abaxially, base slightly cordate but deeply cordate at fruiting, margin crenate, apex obtuse or ± acute. Flowers purple-red, deep purple striate; pedicels usually exceeding or subequaling leaves, slender, puberulous, rarely glabrous, 2-bracteolate above middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 6-7 mm (basal auricles included), margin narrowly membranous, apex acute, basal auricles 1-2 mm, densely or sparsely puberulous and ciliate, margin usually irregularly shallowly dentate, apex obtuse or truncate. Upper petals obovate, 1.1-1.3 cm × 6-7 mm, apex often repand-emarginate; lateral ones oblong-obovate, 1.1-1.3 cm × 5-6 mm, distinctly bearded, anterior one 1.7-2.2 mm (spur included), apex retuse; spur tubular, 6-9 mm, 1-1.8 mm in diam., straight or curved upward, sometimes sparsely puberulous, apex rounded. Stamens: appendages of connectives ca. 1.5 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm; spur of 2 anterior stamens long, 6-7 mm, slender, 0.3-0.4 mm in diam. Ovary ovoid-globose, densely puberulous; styles clavate, base geniculate, conspicuously thickened upward; stigmas conspicuously margined on lateral sides and abaxially, shortly beaked in front, with a large stigma hole at tip of beak. Capsule ellipsoid, 6-8 mm, with dense short stiff hairs when young, with sparse hairs when mature. Seeds red-brown, ovoid-globose, ca. 1.5 mm, ca. 1 mm in diam. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jun-Sep. 2n = 24.
Grasslands on sunny mountain slopes, thickets, forest margins; 100-600 m. SE Heilongjiang, E Jilin, Liaoning [Japan, Korea, Russia].
别名：媳妇菜;堇菜;地丁;地丁草;丁毒草;光瓣堇菜;铧头草;尖叶草;粽菜;无心草;紫草地丁;紫花地丁;犁铧草;白果堇菜;秃果堇菜;
科名：堇菜科 Violaceae
属名：堇菜属 Viola
39．茜堇菜（东北师范大学科学研究通报）白果堇菜（中国高等植物图鉴），秃果堇菜（拉汉种子植物名称）图版11: 7-15
Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim. in Mel. Biol. 9: 726. 1876 et in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. 23: 318. 1877; Palib. in Acta Hort. Petrop. 17 (1): 34. 1899; H. de Boiss. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. Ser. 2 (11): 1079. 1901; Kom. Fl. Mansh. 3: 56. 1905; W. Beck. in Bot. Jahrb. 54 Beibl. 120, 186. 1917; Kitag. Lineam. Fl. Mansh. 322. 1939. et Neo-Lineam. Fl. Mansh. 457. 1979; Juz. in Kom. Fl. URSS 15: 411, t. 20, f. 7. 1949; 竹内亮, 东北师范大学科学研究通报 1: 76. 1955; 东北植物检索表230. 图版72, 图11. 1959; 中国高等植物图鉴2: 919, 图3567. 1972; 东北草本植物志6: 106, 图版40, 图2-5. 1977; 内蒙古植物志4: 117, 图版56, 1979; 秦岭植物志1 (3): 322, 图281. 1981; 汪劲武等, 植物研究8 (2): 129. 1988.——V. hirta L. var. glabella Regel in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. ser. 7, t. 477. 1861. ——V. conilii Franch. et Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. 285. 1879.
多年生草本，无地上茎，高6-17厘米，花期较低矮，果期显著增高。根状茎短粗，被白色鳞片，垂直，长3-10毫米，生2至数条根；根较粗而长，不分枝，黄褐色，长可达18厘米；叶均基生，莲座状，叶片最下方者常呈圆形，其余叶片呈卵形或卵圆形，长1.5-4.5厘米，宽1.2-2.5厘米，果期长6-7厘米，宽5.5-6厘米，先端钝或稍尖，边缘具低而平的圆齿，基部稍呈心形但果期通常呈深心形，两面散生或密被 (通常在花期的幼叶上) 白色短毛，下面有时稍带淡紫色；叶柄长而细，长4-13厘米，上部具明显的翅，幼时密被短毛，后渐稀疏；托叶外围者呈膜质，苍白色，无叶片，内部者淡绿色，1/2以上与叶柄合生，离生部分披针形或狭披针形，先端长渐尖，边缘疏生短流苏状细齿。花紫红色，有深紫色条纹；花梗细弱，通常超出于叶或与叶近等长，被短毛，稀无毛，中部以上有2枚线形小苞片；萼片披针形或卵状披针形，连附属物长6-7毫米，先端尖，具狭膜质缘，基部附属物长1-2毫米，末端钝圆或截形，通常具不整齐的浅牙齿，密生或疏生短毛及缘毛；上方花瓣倒卵形，长11-13毫米，宽约6-7毫米，先端常具波状凹缺，侧方花瓣长圆状倒卵形，长11-13毫米，宽5-6毫米，里面基部有明显的长须毛，下方花瓣连距长1.7-2.2毫米，先端具微凹；距细管状，长6-9毫米，粗1-1.8毫米，直或稍向上弯，末端圆，有时疏生细毛；雄蕊5，药隔顶端附属物长约1.5毫米，花药长约2毫米，下方2个雄蕊背方具细长之距，距长6-7毫米，粗0.3-0.4毫米；子房卵球形，密被短柔毛，花柱棍棒状，基部膝曲，向上部明显增粗，柱头两侧及背部明显增厚成直伸或平展的缘边，前方具较粗的短喙，柱头孔较粗。蒴果椭圆形，长6-8毫米，幼果密被短粗毛，成熟时毛渐变稀疏。种子卵球形，红棕色，长约1.5毫米，直径约1毫米。花果期4月下旬至9月。
产黑龙江东南部、吉林东部、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、山西、陕西、宁夏、甘肃东部、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、四川。生于向阳山坡草地、灌丛及林缘等处。朝鲜、日本及苏联远东地区有分布。模式标本采自黑龙江西岸 Gavma 河河口处。
本种全体被短毛；叶片通常卵形，基部微心形或圆形，子房及幼果密被短毛，蒴果通常疏生短毛故较易辨认。但在果期，蒴果上几乎近于无毛时常常易与早开堇菜 V. prionanthaBunge 相混淆，不过前者叶片及花梗和萼片附属物上均有明显的短毛可以区别。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Viola phalacrocarpa Maximowicz
茜堇菜 qian jin cai
Herbs perennial, acaulescent, 6-17 cm tall, dwarf at anthesis, conspicuously taller at fruiting. Rhizome erect, short, 3-10 mm, stout, covered with white scales, with 2 to several roots; roots yellow-brown, long, to 18 cm, robust, simple. Leaves basal, rosulate; outer stipules glaucous, membranous, bladeless, inner ones greenish, over 1/2 adnate to petiole, free part lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, apex long acuminate, margin remotely shortly fimbriate-denticulate; petiole long, 4-13 cm, slender, conspicuously winged in upper part, densely puberulous when young, later sparsely puberulous; leaf blades of lowest leaves often orbicular, those of others ovate or ovate-orbicular, 1.5-4.5 × 1.2-2.5 cm, to 6-7 × 5.5-6 cm at fruiting, both surfaces sparsely or densely (usually on young leaves at anthesis) white puberulous, sometimes purplish abaxially, base slightly cordate but deeply cordate at fruiting, margin crenate, apex obtuse or ± acute. Flowers purple-red, deep purple striate; pedicels usually exceeding or subequaling leaves, slender, puberulous, rarely glabrous, 2-bracteolate above middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 6-7 mm (basal auricles included), margin narrowly membranous, apex acute, basal auricles 1-2 mm, densely or sparsely puberulous and ciliate, margin usually irregularly shallowly dentate, apex obtuse or truncate. Upper petals obovate, 1.1-1.3 cm × 6-7 mm, apex often repand-emarginate; lateral ones oblong-obovate, 1.1-1.3 cm × 5-6 mm, distinctly bearded, anterior one 1.7-2.2 mm (spur included), apex retuse; spur tubular, 6-9 mm, 1-1.8 mm in diam., straight or curved upward, sometimes sparsely puberulous, apex rounded. Stamens: appendages of connectives ca. 1.5 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm; spur of 2 anterior stamens long, 6-7 mm, slender, 0.3-0.4 mm in diam. Ovary ovoid-globose, densely puberulous; styles clavate, base geniculate, conspicuously thickened upward; stigmas conspicuously margined on lateral sides and abaxially, shortly beaked in front, with a large stigma hole at tip of beak. Capsule ellipsoid, 6-8 mm, with dense short stiff hairs when young, with sparse hairs when mature. Seeds red-brown, ovoid-globose, ca. 1.5 mm, ca. 1 mm in diam. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jun-Sep. 2n = 24.
Grasslands on sunny mountain slopes, thickets, forest margins; 100-600 m. SE Heilongjiang, E Jilin, Liaoning [Japan, Korea, Russia].