东方堇菜Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W. Beck. V
东方堇菜Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W. Beck. V
107. 东方堇菜（东北植物检索表）朝鲜堇菜、黄花堇菜（东北师范大学科学研究通报），小堇菜（中国植物图鉴）图版24: 8-14
Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W. Beck. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34 (2): 265. 1916 et 36 (2): 50. 1918; Juz. in Kom. Fl. URSS 15: 448. Pl. 21. f. 5. 1949; 竹内亮, 东北师范大学科学研究通报1: 89. 图版1, 图20. 图版2, 图14. 1955; 东北植物检索表 231.图版73, 图2. 1959; 东北草本植物志 6: 124. 1977; Kitag. Neo-Lineam. Fl. Mansh. 457. 1979; Ohwi, New Fl. Japan 1044. 1983. ——V. uniflora L. var. orientalis Maxim. Enum. Pl. Mong. Pl. 1889, p. p. quoad Pl. Mandsh. ; Kom. Fl. Mansh. 3: 72. 1907, p. p. ——V. orientalis (Maxim.) W. Beck. var. conferta W. Beck. l. c. 36 ( 2): 54. 1918. ——V. xanthopetala Nakai in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 36: 29. 1922; 东北植物检索表231. 1959; 竹内亮, 採集と飼育 24, 11: 34-38. f. 1: A-I. 1962; 东北草本植物志 6: 124. 图版49, 图1-3. 1977. ——V. conferta (W. Beck.) Nakzi in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 36: 31. 1922; 竹内亮, l. c. 1: 89. 图版2. 图13. 1955 et採集と飼育 24, 11: 34-38. 图1, J-Q. 1962. ——V. uniflora auct. non L.: Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 23: 56. 1886.
多年生草本。根状茎粗状，长1-3厘米，粗约5毫米，通常垂直，有时斜生，节密生；根多数，成螺旋状密生，白色至淡黄褐色，长达10余厘米，下部有多数丝状细根。地上茎直立，高6-10厘米，上部通常被短细毛。基生叶叶片卵形、宽卵形或椭圆形，长2-4厘米，宽1.5-3厘米，先端尖，基部心形，有时近截形，边缘具钝锯齿，上面几无毛，下面被短毛，叶柄长3-10厘米；茎生叶3 (4) 枚，上方2枚具极短的叶柄或近无柄，成对生状，下方1枚具短柄与上方叶疏离，托叶小，仅基部与叶柄合生，分离部分卵形，长1-2毫米，全缘或疏生细锯齿。花黄色，直径约2毫米，通常1-3朵，生于茎生叶叶腋；花梗长1-3厘米，被白色细毛，有时无毛；小苞片2，小形，位于花梗上部，通常对生，有时互生，卵形，长1-2毫米；萼片披针形或长圆状披针形，长5-7毫米，先端尖，基部附属物短，半圆形；花瓣倒卵形，上方花瓣与侧方花瓣向外翻转，上方花瓣里面有暗紫色纹，侧方花瓣里面有明显须毛，下方花瓣较短，连距长10-15毫米；具囊状短距，距长1-2毫米；下方雄蕊之距宽约0.5毫米；子房无毛，花柱基部稍直，向上渐增粗，柱头头状，两侧有数列白色长须毛。蒴果椭圆形或长圆形，长7-12毫米，淡绿色，常有紫黑色斑点。种子卵球形，长约2毫米，白色至淡褐色。花期4-5月，果期5-6月。
产吉林省东部（珲春）、辽宁（凤凰山、鸡冠山）、内蒙古（博克图）。生于山地疏林下、林缘、灌丛、山坡草地。苏联远东地区、朝鲜、日本也有分布。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Viola orientalis (Maximowicz) W. Becker
东方堇菜 dong fang jin cai
Viola uniflora Linnaeus var. orientalis Maximowicz, Enum. Pl. Mongolia, 81. 1889; V. conferta (W. Becker) Nakai; V. orientalis var. conferta W. Becker; V. xanthopetala Nakai.
Herbs perennial. Rhizome usually erect, sometimes obliquely ascending, 1-3 cm, robust, ca. 5 mm in diam., densely noded; roots numerous, white to yellowish brown, to 10 cm, with numerous filiform rootlets in lower part. Stems erect, 6-10 cm tall, usually puberulous. Stipules small, adnate to petiole only at base, free part ovate, 1-2 mm, margin entire or remotely serrulate; basal leaf petiole 3-10 cm; blade ovate, broadly so, or elliptic, 2-4 × 1.5-3 cm, abaxially puberulous, adaxially subglabrous, base cordate, sometimes subtruncate, margin obtusely serrate, apex acute; cauline leaves 3(or 4), upper 2 very shortly petiolate or subsessile, subopposite, lower ones shortly petiolate, above middle of stem. Flowers yellow, ca. 2 mm in diam., usually 1-3 in cauline leaf axils; pedicels 1-3 cm, white puberulous, sometimes glabrous, 2-bracteolate at upper part; bracteoles usually opposite, sometimes alternate, ovate, small, 1-2 mm. Sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-7 mm, apex acute, basal auricles suborbicular, short. Petals obovate, upper and lateral petals curved toward outside, upper ones dark purple striate, lateral ones inside conspicuously barbate, anterior one shorter, 1-1.5 cm (spur included); spur saccate, short, 1-2 mm; spur of anterior stamens ca. 0.5 mm wide. Ovary glabrous; styles slightly straight at base, gradually thickened upward; stigmas capitate, with several series of long beards on lateral sides. Capsule greenish, ellipsoid or oblong, 7-12 mm, often dark purple punctate. Seeds white to brownish, ovoid-globose, ca. 2 mm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jun-Jul. 2n = 12.
Sparse forests on mountains, forest margins, thickets, grasslands on mountain slopes; 100-1100 m. Heilongjiang, E Jilin, Liaoning, E Shandong [Japan, Korea, Russia].
别名：黄花堇菜;朝鲜黄花堇菜;朝鲜堇菜;小堇菜;
科名：堇菜科 Violaceae
属名：堇菜属 Viola
107. 东方堇菜（东北植物检索表）朝鲜堇菜、黄花堇菜（东北师范大学科学研究通报），小堇菜（中国植物图鉴）图版24: 8-14
Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W. Beck. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34 (2): 265. 1916 et 36 (2): 50. 1918; Juz. in Kom. Fl. URSS 15: 448. Pl. 21. f. 5. 1949; 竹内亮, 东北师范大学科学研究通报1: 89. 图版1, 图20. 图版2, 图14. 1955; 东北植物检索表 231.图版73, 图2. 1959; 东北草本植物志 6: 124. 1977; Kitag. Neo-Lineam. Fl. Mansh. 457. 1979; Ohwi, New Fl. Japan 1044. 1983. ——V. uniflora L. var. orientalis Maxim. Enum. Pl. Mong. Pl. 1889, p. p. quoad Pl. Mandsh. ; Kom. Fl. Mansh. 3: 72. 1907, p. p. ——V. orientalis (Maxim.) W. Beck. var. conferta W. Beck. l. c. 36 ( 2): 54. 1918. ——V. xanthopetala Nakai in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 36: 29. 1922; 东北植物检索表231. 1959; 竹内亮, 採集と飼育 24, 11: 34-38. f. 1: A-I. 1962; 东北草本植物志 6: 124. 图版49, 图1-3. 1977. ——V. conferta (W. Beck.) Nakzi in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 36: 31. 1922; 竹内亮, l. c. 1: 89. 图版2. 图13. 1955 et採集と飼育 24, 11: 34-38. 图1, J-Q. 1962. ——V. uniflora auct. non L.: Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 23: 56. 1886.
多年生草本。根状茎粗状，长1-3厘米，粗约5毫米，通常垂直，有时斜生，节密生；根多数，成螺旋状密生，白色至淡黄褐色，长达10余厘米，下部有多数丝状细根。地上茎直立，高6-10厘米，上部通常被短细毛。基生叶叶片卵形、宽卵形或椭圆形，长2-4厘米，宽1.5-3厘米，先端尖，基部心形，有时近截形，边缘具钝锯齿，上面几无毛，下面被短毛，叶柄长3-10厘米；茎生叶3 (4) 枚，上方2枚具极短的叶柄或近无柄，成对生状，下方1枚具短柄与上方叶疏离，托叶小，仅基部与叶柄合生，分离部分卵形，长1-2毫米，全缘或疏生细锯齿。花黄色，直径约2毫米，通常1-3朵，生于茎生叶叶腋；花梗长1-3厘米，被白色细毛，有时无毛；小苞片2，小形，位于花梗上部，通常对生，有时互生，卵形，长1-2毫米；萼片披针形或长圆状披针形，长5-7毫米，先端尖，基部附属物短，半圆形；花瓣倒卵形，上方花瓣与侧方花瓣向外翻转，上方花瓣里面有暗紫色纹，侧方花瓣里面有明显须毛，下方花瓣较短，连距长10-15毫米；具囊状短距，距长1-2毫米；下方雄蕊之距宽约0.5毫米；子房无毛，花柱基部稍直，向上渐增粗，柱头头状，两侧有数列白色长须毛。蒴果椭圆形或长圆形，长7-12毫米，淡绿色，常有紫黑色斑点。种子卵球形，长约2毫米，白色至淡褐色。花期4-5月，果期5-6月。
产吉林省东部（珲春）、辽宁（凤凰山、鸡冠山）、内蒙古（博克图）。生于山地疏林下、林缘、灌丛、山坡草地。苏联远东地区、朝鲜、日本也有分布。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Viola orientalis (Maximowicz) W. Becker
东方堇菜 dong fang jin cai
Viola uniflora Linnaeus var. orientalis Maximowicz, Enum. Pl. Mongolia, 81. 1889; V. conferta (W. Becker) Nakai; V. orientalis var. conferta W. Becker; V. xanthopetala Nakai.
Herbs perennial. Rhizome usually erect, sometimes obliquely ascending, 1-3 cm, robust, ca. 5 mm in diam., densely noded; roots numerous, white to yellowish brown, to 10 cm, with numerous filiform rootlets in lower part. Stems erect, 6-10 cm tall, usually puberulous. Stipules small, adnate to petiole only at base, free part ovate, 1-2 mm, margin entire or remotely serrulate; basal leaf petiole 3-10 cm; blade ovate, broadly so, or elliptic, 2-4 × 1.5-3 cm, abaxially puberulous, adaxially subglabrous, base cordate, sometimes subtruncate, margin obtusely serrate, apex acute; cauline leaves 3(or 4), upper 2 very shortly petiolate or subsessile, subopposite, lower ones shortly petiolate, above middle of stem. Flowers yellow, ca. 2 mm in diam., usually 1-3 in cauline leaf axils; pedicels 1-3 cm, white puberulous, sometimes glabrous, 2-bracteolate at upper part; bracteoles usually opposite, sometimes alternate, ovate, small, 1-2 mm. Sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-7 mm, apex acute, basal auricles suborbicular, short. Petals obovate, upper and lateral petals curved toward outside, upper ones dark purple striate, lateral ones inside conspicuously barbate, anterior one shorter, 1-1.5 cm (spur included); spur saccate, short, 1-2 mm; spur of anterior stamens ca. 0.5 mm wide. Ovary glabrous; styles slightly straight at base, gradually thickened upward; stigmas capitate, with several series of long beards on lateral sides. Capsule greenish, ellipsoid or oblong, 7-12 mm, often dark purple punctate. Seeds white to brownish, ovoid-globose, ca. 2 mm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jun-Jul. 2n = 12.
Sparse forests on mountains, forest margins, thickets, grasslands on mountain slopes; 100-1100 m. Heilongjiang, E Jilin, Liaoning, E Shandong [Japan, Korea, Russia].