奇异堇菜Viola mirabilis Linn.
奇异堇菜Viola mirabilis Linn.
6. 奇异堇菜（拉汉种子植物名称）伊吹堇菜（中国高等植物图鉴）图版5: 1-10
Viola mirabilis L. Sp. pl. ed. 1: 936. 1753; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1: 250. 1842; Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. 49. 1859; Kom. Fl. Mansh. 3: 64. 1905; W. Beck. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 4 (2): 20. 1923; Juz. in Kom. Fl. URSS 15: 375. 1949; 竹内亮, 东北师范大学科学研究通报1: 71. 图版1, 图2 et 图版2, 图6. 1955; 东北植物检索表227, 图版72. 图1. 1959; Kitag. Neo-Lineam. Fl. Mansh. 456. 1979; 东北草本植物志6: 85. 图 版31. 1977——V. mirabilis L. var. vulgaris et var. subglabra Ledeb. l. c. 1: 251. 1842. ——V. brachysepala Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. 50. 1859; Juz. in Kom. Fl. URSS 15: 3. t. 19. f. 1. 1949. ——V. mirabilis L. var. brachysepala Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 4: 450. 1861; 竹内亮 l. c. 71. 1955. ——V. mirabilis L. var. subglabr Ledeb. f. strsgosa W. Beck. et f. latisepala W. Beck. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34 (2): 236. 1917. ——V. mirabilis L. var. glaberrima W. Beck. l. c. 237. 1917. ——V. mirabilis L. var. platysepala Kitag. in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 48: 103. 1934 et Neo-Lineam. Fl. Mansh. 456. 1979.
多年生草本，在花期以前或开花初期无地上茎，以后逐渐抽出地上茎，高6-23厘米。根状茎斜升或直立，长可达4厘米，粗0.3-0.7厘米，具明显的结节，上部多分歧，密被褐色或赤褐色残存的鳞片状托叶；根多条，褐色，干后较坚硬。茎直立，被柔毛或无毛，中部通常仅1枚叶片，上部密生叶片。叶片宽心形或肾形，长3-5厘米，宽4-6厘米，先端圆或具短尖，基部为开展的心形，边缘具浅圆齿，上面两侧被柔毛；在花期两侧常内卷，下面沿叶脉被柔毛；基生叶叶柄较长，长5-15厘米，被柔毛或无毛，具狭翅，茎生叶的叶柄长短不等，中部者长约8厘米，上部者极短或几无柄；托叶大，基部者鳞片状，卵形，长约1厘米，宽约0.5厘米，赤褐色，顶端钝或微渐尖，上部者宽披针形，长0.8-1.7厘米，宽0.3-0.5厘米，淡褐色，全缘，无毛，茎生叶者披针形，边缘通常被缘毛。花较大，淡紫色或紫堇色，生于基生叶叶腋者通常不结实，有长达10厘米的长梗，梗上部（通常在花下1-1.5厘米处）有2枚线形小苞片，生于茎生叶叶腋之花能结实，具短梗，梗的中下部具小苞片；萼片长圆状披针形、卵状披针形或披针形，长7-16毫米，宽2-4毫米，先端锐尖，基部附属物长约2毫米，末端钝圆，边缘被缘毛或近无毛，具3脉，通常外面3片较里面2片显著长且宽；花瓣倒卵形，侧瓣里面近基部密生长须毛，下瓣连距长达2厘米；距较粗，长约5毫米，通常向上弯，稀直，末端钝；子房无毛，花柱基部近直立或微向前曲，上部稍增粗，顶端微弯具短喙，无乳头状凸起，喙端微向上吸，柱头孔较狭。蒴果椭圆形，无毛，长1-1.4厘米。花果期5-8月。
产黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古（大兴安岭）、甘肃（南部）。生于阔叶林或针阔混交林下、林缘、山地灌丛及草坡等处。朝鲜、日本、苏联、欧洲等也有。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Viola mirabilis Linnaeus
奇异堇菜 qi yi jin cai
Viola brachysepala Maximowicz; V. mirabilis var. brachysepala (Maximowicz) Regel; V. mirabilis var. brevicalcarata Nakai; V. mirabilis var. glaberrima W. Becker; V. mirabilis f. latisepala W. Becker; V. mirabilis var. platysepala Kitagawa; V. mirabilis var. subglabra Ledebour.
Herbs perennial, acaulescent before anthesis, later gradually caulescent, 6-23 cm tall. Rhizome erect or oblique, to 4 cm, 3-7 mm in diam., conspicuously noded, much branched in upper part, with dense brown or red-brown remains of scalelike stipules; roots numerous, brown, harder when dry. Stem erect, puberulous or glabrous, with only 1 leaf at middle, densely leaved in upper part. Stipules large; basal ones red-brown, scalelike, ovate, ca. 1 × 0.5 cm, apex obtuse or acuminate; upper ones brownish, broadly lanceolate, 0.8-1.7 × 0.3-0.5 cm, glabrous, margin entire; those of cauline leaves lanceolate, margin usually ciliate; petioles of basal leaves longer, 5-15 cm, puberulous or glabrous, narrowly winged; those of cauline leaves unequal in length, middle ones ca. 8 cm, upper ones very short or nearly absent; leaf blade broadly cordate or reniform, 3-5 × 4-6 cm, abaxially puberulous along veins, adaxially puberulous, base broadly cordate, margin shallowly crenate, often involute at anthesis, apex rounded or mucronate. Flowers purplish or violet, large; those in basal leaf axils usually not fruiting, pedicels to 10 cm, with 2 linear bracteoles in upper part; those in cauline leaf axils fruiting, pedicels short, with bracteoles at or below middle. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 7-16 × 2-4 mm, apex acute, basal auricles ca. 2 mm, 3-veined, margin ciliate or subglabrous, apex obtuse, outer 3 usually conspicuously longer and broader than inner 2. Petals obovate, lateral ones distinctly bearded, anterior one to 2 cm (spur included), spur robust, ca. 5 mm, usually curved upward, rarely straight, apex obtuse. Ovary glabrous; styles suberect at base or slightly curved forward, slightly thickened in upper part, slightly curved and shortly beaked at apex, not papillose; stigma hole narrow. Capsule ellipsoid, 1-1.4 cm, glabrous. Fl. May, fr. May-Aug. 2n = 20.
Broad-leaved forests, needle-leaved and broad-leaved mixed forests, forest margins, thickets, grassy slopes; below 2000 m. Gansu, N Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shanxi [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
别名：wonder violet;奥温异－尼勒－其其格;奥温导-尼勒-其其格;伊吹堇菜;美丽堇菜;
科名：堇菜科 Violaceae
属名：堇菜属 Viola
6. 奇异堇菜（拉汉种子植物名称）伊吹堇菜（中国高等植物图鉴）图版5: 1-10
Viola mirabilis L. Sp. pl. ed. 1: 936. 1753; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1: 250. 1842; Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. 49. 1859; Kom. Fl. Mansh. 3: 64. 1905; W. Beck. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 4 (2): 20. 1923; Juz. in Kom. Fl. URSS 15: 375. 1949; 竹内亮, 东北师范大学科学研究通报1: 71. 图版1, 图2 et 图版2, 图6. 1955; 东北植物检索表227, 图版72. 图1. 1959; Kitag. Neo-Lineam. Fl. Mansh. 456. 1979; 东北草本植物志6: 85. 图 版31. 1977——V. mirabilis L. var. vulgaris et var. subglabra Ledeb. l. c. 1: 251. 1842. ——V. brachysepala Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. 50. 1859; Juz. in Kom. Fl. URSS 15: 3. t. 19. f. 1. 1949. ——V. mirabilis L. var. brachysepala Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 4: 450. 1861; 竹内亮 l. c. 71. 1955. ——V. mirabilis L. var. subglabr Ledeb. f. strsgosa W. Beck. et f. latisepala W. Beck. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34 (2): 236. 1917. ——V. mirabilis L. var. glaberrima W. Beck. l. c. 237. 1917. ——V. mirabilis L. var. platysepala Kitag. in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 48: 103. 1934 et Neo-Lineam. Fl. Mansh. 456. 1979.
多年生草本，在花期以前或开花初期无地上茎，以后逐渐抽出地上茎，高6-23厘米。根状茎斜升或直立，长可达4厘米，粗0.3-0.7厘米，具明显的结节，上部多分歧，密被褐色或赤褐色残存的鳞片状托叶；根多条，褐色，干后较坚硬。茎直立，被柔毛或无毛，中部通常仅1枚叶片，上部密生叶片。叶片宽心形或肾形，长3-5厘米，宽4-6厘米，先端圆或具短尖，基部为开展的心形，边缘具浅圆齿，上面两侧被柔毛；在花期两侧常内卷，下面沿叶脉被柔毛；基生叶叶柄较长，长5-15厘米，被柔毛或无毛，具狭翅，茎生叶的叶柄长短不等，中部者长约8厘米，上部者极短或几无柄；托叶大，基部者鳞片状，卵形，长约1厘米，宽约0.5厘米，赤褐色，顶端钝或微渐尖，上部者宽披针形，长0.8-1.7厘米，宽0.3-0.5厘米，淡褐色，全缘，无毛，茎生叶者披针形，边缘通常被缘毛。花较大，淡紫色或紫堇色，生于基生叶叶腋者通常不结实，有长达10厘米的长梗，梗上部（通常在花下1-1.5厘米处）有2枚线形小苞片，生于茎生叶叶腋之花能结实，具短梗，梗的中下部具小苞片；萼片长圆状披针形、卵状披针形或披针形，长7-16毫米，宽2-4毫米，先端锐尖，基部附属物长约2毫米，末端钝圆，边缘被缘毛或近无毛，具3脉，通常外面3片较里面2片显著长且宽；花瓣倒卵形，侧瓣里面近基部密生长须毛，下瓣连距长达2厘米；距较粗，长约5毫米，通常向上弯，稀直，末端钝；子房无毛，花柱基部近直立或微向前曲，上部稍增粗，顶端微弯具短喙，无乳头状凸起，喙端微向上吸，柱头孔较狭。蒴果椭圆形，无毛，长1-1.4厘米。花果期5-8月。
产黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古（大兴安岭）、甘肃（南部）。生于阔叶林或针阔混交林下、林缘、山地灌丛及草坡等处。朝鲜、日本、苏联、欧洲等也有。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Viola mirabilis Linnaeus
奇异堇菜 qi yi jin cai
Viola brachysepala Maximowicz; V. mirabilis var. brachysepala (Maximowicz) Regel; V. mirabilis var. brevicalcarata Nakai; V. mirabilis var. glaberrima W. Becker; V. mirabilis f. latisepala W. Becker; V. mirabilis var. platysepala Kitagawa; V. mirabilis var. subglabra Ledebour.
Herbs perennial, acaulescent before anthesis, later gradually caulescent, 6-23 cm tall. Rhizome erect or oblique, to 4 cm, 3-7 mm in diam., conspicuously noded, much branched in upper part, with dense brown or red-brown remains of scalelike stipules; roots numerous, brown, harder when dry. Stem erect, puberulous or glabrous, with only 1 leaf at middle, densely leaved in upper part. Stipules large; basal ones red-brown, scalelike, ovate, ca. 1 × 0.5 cm, apex obtuse or acuminate; upper ones brownish, broadly lanceolate, 0.8-1.7 × 0.3-0.5 cm, glabrous, margin entire; those of cauline leaves lanceolate, margin usually ciliate; petioles of basal leaves longer, 5-15 cm, puberulous or glabrous, narrowly winged; those of cauline leaves unequal in length, middle ones ca. 8 cm, upper ones very short or nearly absent; leaf blade broadly cordate or reniform, 3-5 × 4-6 cm, abaxially puberulous along veins, adaxially puberulous, base broadly cordate, margin shallowly crenate, often involute at anthesis, apex rounded or mucronate. Flowers purplish or violet, large; those in basal leaf axils usually not fruiting, pedicels to 10 cm, with 2 linear bracteoles in upper part; those in cauline leaf axils fruiting, pedicels short, with bracteoles at or below middle. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 7-16 × 2-4 mm, apex acute, basal auricles ca. 2 mm, 3-veined, margin ciliate or subglabrous, apex obtuse, outer 3 usually conspicuously longer and broader than inner 2. Petals obovate, lateral ones distinctly bearded, anterior one to 2 cm (spur included), spur robust, ca. 5 mm, usually curved upward, rarely straight, apex obtuse. Ovary glabrous; styles suberect at base or slightly curved forward, slightly thickened in upper part, slightly curved and shortly beaked at apex, not papillose; stigma hole narrow. Capsule ellipsoid, 1-1.4 cm, glabrous. Fl. May, fr. May-Aug. 2n = 20.
Broad-leaved forests, needle-leaved and broad-leaved mixed forests, forest margins, thickets, grassy slopes; below 2000 m. Gansu, N Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shanxi [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].