长萼堇菜Viola inconspicua Blume
长萼堇菜Viola inconspicua Blume
34. 长萼堇菜（静生生物调查所汇报）犁头草（广东）图版8: 7-12
Viola inconspicua Blume Cat. Gew. Buit. 57. 1823, nom. nud. et Bijdr. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 1: 58. 1825; W. Beck. in Bot. Jahrb. 54 Beibl. 120: 173. 1917 et in Engler et Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 21 (2): 368. 1925; Merr. in Lingnan Sci. Journ. 5: 131. 1927; H. Melch. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 371. 1932; Chang in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. n. s. 1 (3): 253, 262. 1949; 广东植物志119, 图45. 1956; Backer et Bakh. f. Fl. Java 1: 195. 1963; 海南植物志 1: 362. 图184. 1964; Hara, Fl. East. Himal. 213. 1966; Jacobs et D. M. Moore in Fl. Males. 7 (1): 203. f. 8: 6, f. 10. 1971; 中国高等植物图鉴2: 904. 图3538. 1972. 云南种子植物名录 上册206. 1984. ——V. confusa Champ ex Benth. in Journ. Bot. Kew Misc. 3: 260. 1851, p. p. ; Benth. Fl. HongKong 20. 1861. p. p.—— V. inconspicua Bl. ssp. dielsiana W. Beck. in Bot. Jahrb. 54 Beibl. 120: 172. 1917, syu. nov.——V. patrinii auct. non DC ex Ging.: Diels, Fl. Cenrr. Chin. 476. 1901, quoad p;. Nanchuan.
多年生草本，无地上茎。根状茎垂直或斜生，较粗壮，长1-2厘米，粗2-8毫米，节密生，通常被残留的褐色托叶所包被。叶均基生，呈莲座状；叶片三角形、三角状卵形或戟形，长1.5-7厘米，宽1-3.5厘米，最宽处在叶的基部，中部向上渐变狭，先端渐尖或尖，基部宽心形，弯缺呈宽半圆形，两侧垂片发达，通常平展，稍下延于叶柄成狭翅，边缘具圆锯齿，两面通常无毛，少有在下面的叶脉及近基部的叶缘上有短毛，上面密生乳头状小白点，但在较老的叶上则变成暗绿色；叶柄无毛，长2-7厘米；托叶3/4与叶柄合生，分离部分披针形，长3-5毫米，先端渐尖，边缘疏生流苏状短齿，稀全缘，通常有褐色锈点。花淡紫色，有暗色条纹；花梗细弱，通常与叶片等长或稍高出于叶，无毛或上部被柔毛，中部稍上处有2枚线形小苞片；萼片卵状披针形或披针形，长4-7毫米，顶端渐尖，基部附属物伸长，长2-3毫米，末端具缺刻状浅齿，具狭膜质缘，无毛或具纤毛；花瓣长圆状倒卵形，长7-9毫米，侧方花瓣里面基部有须毛，下方花瓣连距长10-12毫米；距管状，长2.5-3毫米，直，末端钝；下方雄蕊背部的距角状，长约2.5毫米，顶端尖，基部宽；子房球形，无毛，花柱棍棒状，长约2毫米，基部稍膝曲，顶端平，两侧具较宽的缘边，前方具明显的短喙，喙端具向上开口的柱头孔。蒴果长圆形，长8-10毫米，无毛。种子卵球形，长1-1.5毫米，直径0.8毫米，深绿色。花果期3-11月。2n=24。
产陕西、甘肃（南部）、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、台湾、湖北、湖南、广东、海南、广西、四川、贵州、云南。生于林缘、山坡草地、田边及溪旁等处。缅甸、菲律宾、马来西亚也有分布。
全草入药，能清热解毒。
本种与狭托叶堇菜 V. angustistipulata Chang 和戟叶堇菜 V. betonicifolia Smith 近似，但本种叶片三角形或戟形，先端渐尖，基部弯缺呈宽半圆形，两侧垂片发达，稍下延于叶柄；萼片伸长，基部附属物长2-3毫米，末端具浅裂齿等极易辨认。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Viola inconspicua Blume
长萼堇菜 chang e jin cai
Viola betonicifolia Smith subsp. novaguineensis D. M. Moore; V. betonicifolia var. oblongosagittata (Nakai) F. Maekawa & T. Hashimoto; V. chinensis G. Don; V. confusa Champion ex Bentham; V. confusa subsp. nagasakiensis (W. Becker) F. Maekawa & T. Hashimoto; V. hunanensis Handel-Mazzetti; V. inconspicua subsp. nagasakiensis (W. Becker) J. C. Wang & T. C. Huang; V. mandshurica subsp. nagasakiensis W. Becker; V. minor (Makino) Makino; V. oblongosagittata Nakai; V. patrinii var. minor Makino; V. philippica subsp. malesica W. Becker; V. primulifolia Loureiro (1790), not Linnaeus (1753); V. pseudomonbeigii Chang; V. serpens Wallich ex Gingins var. confusa (Bentham) J. D. Hooker & Thomson.
Herbs perennial, acaulescent. Rhizome erect or obliquely ascending, 1-2 cm, robust, 2-8 mm in diam., densely noded, with white roots. Leaves basal, rosulate; stipules ca. 3/4 adnate to petiole, free part lanceolate, 3-7 mm, margin sparsely shortly fimbriate-dentate, rarely entire, usually brown rusty dotted, apex acute; petiole 2-7 cm, usually glabrous or rarely shortly pubescent; leaf blade triangular-ovate, 1.5-9 × 1-7 cm, 1-2.2 × as long as wide, broadest at base, usually glabrous, rarely puberulous, base cordate with usually prominent, rounded basal lobes, decurrent to 1/3 length of petiole and narrowly winged, apex acuminate or acute. Flowers purplish or white, with darker striations; pedicels usually subequaling or slightly exceeding leaves, slender, glabrous or puberulous in upper part, 2-bracteolate slightly above middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 4-7 × 1-1.8 mm, apex acute, glabrous or ciliate; appendage elongated, (1.5-)2-3(-4.8) mm, shallowly incised. Petals oblong-obovate, 7-9 mm; lateral ones bearded or rarely glabrous; anterior one 1-1.2 cm (spur included); spur tubular, 1.8-3(-4) mm, straight, obtuse. Spur of anterior stamens angular, base broad, apex acute. Ovary globose, glabrous; styles clavate, base slightly geniculate; stigmas flat at top, with broader margin on lateral sides, shortly beaked in front, with a stigmatic hole opening upward at tip of beak. Capsule oblong, 8-10 mm, glabrous. Seeds deep green, ovoid-globose, 1-1.5 mm, ca. 0.8 mm in diam. Fl. Nov-Apr, fr. Jun-Nov. 2n = 24*, 48*, 72.
Grasslands, field sides, path margins, forest margins; below 1600(-2400) m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, SE Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Vietnam].
别名：耳钩草;紫花地丁;犁铧尖;玉如意;如意草;犁头草;铧头草;白花堇菜;地黄瓜;羊蹄草;地丁香;箭头草;烙铁草;犁嘴草;地丁草;蓝花耳钩草;青地黄瓜;长鄂堇菜;地丁;湖南堇菜;铧尖菜;铧口头;剪刀菜;紫花堇菜;毛堇菜;梨头草;翁域;三角草;
科名：堇菜科 Violaceae
属名：堇菜属 Viola
34. 长萼堇菜（静生生物调查所汇报）犁头草（广东）图版8: 7-12
Viola inconspicua Blume Cat. Gew. Buit. 57. 1823, nom. nud. et Bijdr. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 1: 58. 1825; W. Beck. in Bot. Jahrb. 54 Beibl. 120: 173. 1917 et in Engler et Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 21 (2): 368. 1925; Merr. in Lingnan Sci. Journ. 5: 131. 1927; H. Melch. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 371. 1932; Chang in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. n. s. 1 (3): 253, 262. 1949; 广东植物志119, 图45. 1956; Backer et Bakh. f. Fl. Java 1: 195. 1963; 海南植物志 1: 362. 图184. 1964; Hara, Fl. East. Himal. 213. 1966; Jacobs et D. M. Moore in Fl. Males. 7 (1): 203. f. 8: 6, f. 10. 1971; 中国高等植物图鉴2: 904. 图3538. 1972. 云南种子植物名录 上册206. 1984. ——V. confusa Champ ex Benth. in Journ. Bot. Kew Misc. 3: 260. 1851, p. p. ; Benth. Fl. HongKong 20. 1861. p. p.—— V. inconspicua Bl. ssp. dielsiana W. Beck. in Bot. Jahrb. 54 Beibl. 120: 172. 1917, syu. nov.——V. patrinii auct. non DC ex Ging.: Diels, Fl. Cenrr. Chin. 476. 1901, quoad p;. Nanchuan.
多年生草本，无地上茎。根状茎垂直或斜生，较粗壮，长1-2厘米，粗2-8毫米，节密生，通常被残留的褐色托叶所包被。叶均基生，呈莲座状；叶片三角形、三角状卵形或戟形，长1.5-7厘米，宽1-3.5厘米，最宽处在叶的基部，中部向上渐变狭，先端渐尖或尖，基部宽心形，弯缺呈宽半圆形，两侧垂片发达，通常平展，稍下延于叶柄成狭翅，边缘具圆锯齿，两面通常无毛，少有在下面的叶脉及近基部的叶缘上有短毛，上面密生乳头状小白点，但在较老的叶上则变成暗绿色；叶柄无毛，长2-7厘米；托叶3/4与叶柄合生，分离部分披针形，长3-5毫米，先端渐尖，边缘疏生流苏状短齿，稀全缘，通常有褐色锈点。花淡紫色，有暗色条纹；花梗细弱，通常与叶片等长或稍高出于叶，无毛或上部被柔毛，中部稍上处有2枚线形小苞片；萼片卵状披针形或披针形，长4-7毫米，顶端渐尖，基部附属物伸长，长2-3毫米，末端具缺刻状浅齿，具狭膜质缘，无毛或具纤毛；花瓣长圆状倒卵形，长7-9毫米，侧方花瓣里面基部有须毛，下方花瓣连距长10-12毫米；距管状，长2.5-3毫米，直，末端钝；下方雄蕊背部的距角状，长约2.5毫米，顶端尖，基部宽；子房球形，无毛，花柱棍棒状，长约2毫米，基部稍膝曲，顶端平，两侧具较宽的缘边，前方具明显的短喙，喙端具向上开口的柱头孔。蒴果长圆形，长8-10毫米，无毛。种子卵球形，长1-1.5毫米，直径0.8毫米，深绿色。花果期3-11月。2n=24。
产陕西、甘肃（南部）、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、台湾、湖北、湖南、广东、海南、广西、四川、贵州、云南。生于林缘、山坡草地、田边及溪旁等处。缅甸、菲律宾、马来西亚也有分布。
全草入药，能清热解毒。
本种与狭托叶堇菜 V. angustistipulata Chang 和戟叶堇菜 V. betonicifolia Smith 近似，但本种叶片三角形或戟形，先端渐尖，基部弯缺呈宽半圆形，两侧垂片发达，稍下延于叶柄；萼片伸长，基部附属物长2-3毫米，末端具浅裂齿等极易辨认。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Viola inconspicua Blume
长萼堇菜 chang e jin cai
Viola betonicifolia Smith subsp. novaguineensis D. M. Moore; V. betonicifolia var. oblongosagittata (Nakai) F. Maekawa & T. Hashimoto; V. chinensis G. Don; V. confusa Champion ex Bentham; V. confusa subsp. nagasakiensis (W. Becker) F. Maekawa & T. Hashimoto; V. hunanensis Handel-Mazzetti; V. inconspicua subsp. nagasakiensis (W. Becker) J. C. Wang & T. C. Huang; V. mandshurica subsp. nagasakiensis W. Becker; V. minor (Makino) Makino; V. oblongosagittata Nakai; V. patrinii var. minor Makino; V. philippica subsp. malesica W. Becker; V. primulifolia Loureiro (1790), not Linnaeus (1753); V. pseudomonbeigii Chang; V. serpens Wallich ex Gingins var. confusa (Bentham) J. D. Hooker & Thomson.
Herbs perennial, acaulescent. Rhizome erect or obliquely ascending, 1-2 cm, robust, 2-8 mm in diam., densely noded, with white roots. Leaves basal, rosulate; stipules ca. 3/4 adnate to petiole, free part lanceolate, 3-7 mm, margin sparsely shortly fimbriate-dentate, rarely entire, usually brown rusty dotted, apex acute; petiole 2-7 cm, usually glabrous or rarely shortly pubescent; leaf blade triangular-ovate, 1.5-9 × 1-7 cm, 1-2.2 × as long as wide, broadest at base, usually glabrous, rarely puberulous, base cordate with usually prominent, rounded basal lobes, decurrent to 1/3 length of petiole and narrowly winged, apex acuminate or acute. Flowers purplish or white, with darker striations; pedicels usually subequaling or slightly exceeding leaves, slender, glabrous or puberulous in upper part, 2-bracteolate slightly above middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 4-7 × 1-1.8 mm, apex acute, glabrous or ciliate; appendage elongated, (1.5-)2-3(-4.8) mm, shallowly incised. Petals oblong-obovate, 7-9 mm; lateral ones bearded or rarely glabrous; anterior one 1-1.2 cm (spur included); spur tubular, 1.8-3(-4) mm, straight, obtuse. Spur of anterior stamens angular, base broad, apex acute. Ovary globose, glabrous; styles clavate, base slightly geniculate; stigmas flat at top, with broader margin on lateral sides, shortly beaked in front, with a stigmatic hole opening upward at tip of beak. Capsule oblong, 8-10 mm, glabrous. Seeds deep green, ovoid-globose, 1-1.5 mm, ca. 0.8 mm in diam. Fl. Nov-Apr, fr. Jun-Nov. 2n = 24*, 48*, 72.
Grasslands, field sides, path margins, forest margins; below 1600(-2400) m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, SE Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Vietnam].