戟叶堇菜Viola betonicifolia J. E. Smith
戟叶堇菜Viola betonicifolia J. E. Smith
52. 戟叶堇菜（海南植物志） 尼泊尔堇菜、箭叶堇菜（台湾植物志） 图版12: 6
Viola betonicifolia J. E. Smith in Rees, Cyclop. 37, n. 7. 1819; W. Beck. in Bot. Jahrb. 54 Beilb. 120: 164. 1917; Hand.-Mazz. Symb. Sin: 7: 375. 1931; M. H. Lecomte, Supp. Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 1: 182, 180. f. 17: 14-19. 1939; Jacobs et D. M. Moore in Fl. Males. 7(1): 202. 1971; 中国高等植物图鉴 2: 912. 图3553. 1972; Hara in Ohashi, East. Himal. 3rd rep. 82. 1975; 西藏植物志 3: 296. 1986. —— V. patrinii DC. ex Ging. var. napaulensis Ging. in DC. Prodr. 1: 293. 1824. —— V. patrinii DG. var. caespitosa Ridl. J. Bot. 73: 17. 1935. —— V. caespitosa D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 205. 1825; Hsieh Chang-fu in Fl. Taiwan 3: 770. 19T7. —— V. betonicifolis J. E. Smith. subsp. nepalensis (Ging.) W. Beck. in Bot. Jahrb. 54 Beibl. 120: 166. 1917 et in Fedde, Repent. Sp. Nov. 12: 439. 1922; Hand.-Mazz. 1, c. 7. 357. 1931; 海南植物志 1: 362. 1964; 中国高等植物图鉴 2: 912. 1972; 秦岭植物志 1(3): 318. 图277. 1981. —— V. oblongo-sagittaia Nakai in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 36: 37. 1922; —— V. oblongo-sagittata Nakai var. violascens Nakai l. c. 36; 37. 1922. —— V. patrinii auct. non. DC. ex Ging.: Hook. f. et Thoms. in Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 183. 1875, p. p.; Forb. et Hemsl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 53. 1886, p. p.; Diels Fl. Centr. China 476. 1901, p. p.
多年生草本，无地上茎。根状茎通常较粗短，长5-10毫米，斜生或垂直，有数条粗长的淡褐色根。叶多数，均基生，莲座状；叶片狭披针形、长三角状戟形或三角状卵形，长2-7.5厘米，宽0.5-3厘米，先端尖，有时稍钝圆，基部截形或略呈浅心形，有时宽楔形，花期后叶增大，基部垂片开展并具明显的牙齿，边缘具疏而浅的波状齿，近基部齿较深，两面无毛或近无毛；叶柄较长，长1.5-13厘米，上半部有狭而明显的翅，通常无毛，有时下部有细毛；托叶褐色，约3/4与叶柄合生，离生部分线状披针形或钻形，先端渐尖，边缘全缘或疏生细齿。花白色或淡紫色，有深色条纹，长1.4-1.7厘米；花梗细长，与叶等长或超出于叶，通常无毛，有时仅下部有细毛，中部附近有2枚线形小苞片；萼片卵状披针形或狭卵形，长5-6毫米，先端渐尖或稍尖，基部附属物较短，长0.5-1毫米，末端圆，有时疏生钝齿，具狭膜质缘，具3脉；上方花瓣倒卵形，长1-1.2厘米，侧方花瓣长圆状倒卵形，长1-1.2厘米，里面基部密生或有时生较少量的须毛，下方花瓣通常稍短，连距长1.3-1.5厘米；距管状，稍短而粗，长2-6毫米，粗2-3.5毫米，末端圆，直或稍向上弯；花药及药隔顶部附属物均长约2毫米，下方2枚雄蕊具长1-3毫米的距；子房卵球形，长约2毫米，无毛，花柱棍棒状，基部稍向前膝曲，上部逐渐增粗，柱头两侧及后方略增厚成狭缘边，前方具明显的短喙，喙端具柱头孔。蒴果椭圆形至长圆形，长6-9毫米，无毛。花果期4-9月。
产陕西、甘肃、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、台湾、河南、湖北、湖南、广东、海南、四川、云南、西藏。生于田野、路边、山坡草地、灌丛、林缘等处。喜马拉雅地区、印度、斯里兰卡、澳大利亚、印度尼西亚、日本也有。
全草供药用，有清热解毒、消肿散瘀；外敷可治节疮痛肿。
本种与紫花地丁 V. philippica Cav. 相近似，但下方花瓣之距较短，侧方花瓣密被须毛，叶形差异较明显，故较易区别。又与长萼堇菜 V. incunspicua Bl. 的区别在于本种萼附属物较短，末端钝圆，叶柄上半部具明显而狭长的翅。▽福建武夷山采的一份标本其叶柄及花梗下半部密生拱垂或开展的细毛，与 V. betonicifolia f. pubescens Hara in Fl. East. Himal. 3: 82. 1975 相近似，但叶片无毛，稍有差异，尚待获得较多标本时再进一步研究。▽《西藏植物志》 3: 296. 1986 记载，在西藏有 V betonicifolia subsp. jaunsariensis (W. Beck.）Hara 的分布，但我们未发现这个类型的标本。
形态特征：地下茎很短，无匍匐枝。叶基生，具长柄，条状披针形或条形，长2-9厘米，基部稍下延于叶柄，截形或略带心形，有时稍成戟形，顶端钝或稍圆，边缘有疏而浅的波状齿，近基部的齿较深，两面近无毛或无毛，花期后叶增大，基部常有显著的垂片；托叶分离部分 有疏齿。花具长梗，两侧对称；萼片5，披针形，基部创刊器长约1毫米，顶端圆；花瓣5，淡紫色或小白色，距管状，顶端等粗，长3-4毫米。果椭圆形，长约1厘米，无毛。
分 布：长江流域以南各省区
生 境：草坡、田野较湿处
繁殖方式：种子
习 性：阳生
药用部位：全草
药用功能：清热散瘀、消肿解毒
药用主治：用于清热、解毒
《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Viola betonicifolia Smith
戟叶堇菜 ji ye jin cai
Viola betonicifolia subsp. dielsiana W. Becker; V. betonicifolia subsp. nepalensis (Gingins) W. Becker; V. caespitosa D. Don; V. inconspicua Blume subsp. dielsiana W. Becker; V. oblongosagittata Nakai var. violascens Nakai; V. patrinii Gingins var. caespitosa (D. Don) Ridley; V. patrinii var. laotiana H. Boissieu; V. patrinii var. nepaulensis Gingins.
Herbs perennial, acaulescent. Rhizome obliquely ascending or erect, usually short, 5-10 mm, stout, with several robust, long, yellowish roots. Leaves numerous, basal, rosulate; stipules dark brownish, lanceolate, 3-5 × ca. 1 mm, ca. 3/4 adnate to petiole, free part linear-lanceolate or subulate, margin entire or sparsely denticulate, apex acuminate; petiole long, 1.5-13 cm, narrowly and conspicuously winged in upper part, usually glabrous, sometimes puberulous in lower part; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, narrowly triangular-hastate, or triangular-ovate, 2-7.5 × 0.5-3 cm, base truncate or shallowly cordate, sometimes broadly cuneate, apex acute, sometimes slightly obtuse; leaves accrescent after anthesis, both surfaces glabrous or subglabrous, lateral lobes spreading and conspicuously dentate, margin remotely shallowly crenate, more deeply dentate near base. Flowers white, light or deep purplish, deep-colored striate, 1.4-1.7 cm; pedicels long, equaling or exceeding leaves, slender, usually glabrous, sometimes puberulous in lower part, 2-bracteolate near middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-6 × 1-1.6 mm, apex acuminate or ± acute, basal auricles shorter, 0.5-1 mm, 3-veined, margin narrowly membranous, apex rounded, sometimes remotely obtusely dentate. Upper petals obovate, 1-1.2 cm, bearded; lateral ones oblong-obovate, bearded, 1-1.2 cm; anterior one usually shorter, 1.3-1.5 cm (spur included); spur tubular, short, 1-2.5 mm, stout, 2-3 mm in diam., apex rounded, straight or slightly curved upward; anthers and appendage of connectives ca. 2 mm; spur of 2 anterior stamens 1-3 mm. Ovary ovoid-globose, ca. 2 mm, glabrous; styles clavate, slightly geniculate forward, gradually thickened in upper part; stigmas slightly thickened and narrowly margined on lateral sides and abaxially, shortly beaked in front, with a stigma hole at tip of beak. Capsule ellipsoid to oblong, 6-9 mm, glabrous. Seed ovoid, 1-1.2 mm. Fl. Feb-May, fr. May-Sep. 2n = 24*, 48, 72*.
Fields, roadsides, grasslands on mountain slopes, thickets, forest margins; below 1500(-2500) m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, Japan, India, Indonesia, Kashmir, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; N Australia].
别名：地草果;小叶犁头草;尼泊尔堇菜;犁头草;截叶堇菜;箭叶堇菜;铧头草;地黄瓜;野半夏;紫花地丁;戟叶犁头草;铧尖草;梨头尖;跳蚤草;戟叶堇;铧尖角;堇堇菜;地丁草;戟叶紫堇;戟叶地丁;戟形堇菜;蕺叶堇菜;地果草;发头尖;戟叶犁头尖;
科名：堇菜科 Violaceae
属名：堇菜属 Viola
52. 戟叶堇菜（海南植物志） 尼泊尔堇菜、箭叶堇菜（台湾植物志） 图版12: 6
Viola betonicifolia J. E. Smith in Rees, Cyclop. 37, n. 7. 1819; W. Beck. in Bot. Jahrb. 54 Beilb. 120: 164. 1917; Hand.-Mazz. Symb. Sin: 7: 375. 1931; M. H. Lecomte, Supp. Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 1: 182, 180. f. 17: 14-19. 1939; Jacobs et D. M. Moore in Fl. Males. 7(1): 202. 1971; 中国高等植物图鉴 2: 912. 图3553. 1972; Hara in Ohashi, East. Himal. 3rd rep. 82. 1975; 西藏植物志 3: 296. 1986. —— V. patrinii DC. ex Ging. var. napaulensis Ging. in DC. Prodr. 1: 293. 1824. —— V. patrinii DG. var. caespitosa Ridl. J. Bot. 73: 17. 1935. —— V. caespitosa D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 205. 1825; Hsieh Chang-fu in Fl. Taiwan 3: 770. 19T7. —— V. betonicifolis J. E. Smith. subsp. nepalensis (Ging.) W. Beck. in Bot. Jahrb. 54 Beibl. 120: 166. 1917 et in Fedde, Repent. Sp. Nov. 12: 439. 1922; Hand.-Mazz. 1, c. 7. 357. 1931; 海南植物志 1: 362. 1964; 中国高等植物图鉴 2: 912. 1972; 秦岭植物志 1(3): 318. 图277. 1981. —— V. oblongo-sagittaia Nakai in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 36: 37. 1922; —— V. oblongo-sagittata Nakai var. violascens Nakai l. c. 36; 37. 1922. —— V. patrinii auct. non. DC. ex Ging.: Hook. f. et Thoms. in Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 183. 1875, p. p.; Forb. et Hemsl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 53. 1886, p. p.; Diels Fl. Centr. China 476. 1901, p. p.
多年生草本，无地上茎。根状茎通常较粗短，长5-10毫米，斜生或垂直，有数条粗长的淡褐色根。叶多数，均基生，莲座状；叶片狭披针形、长三角状戟形或三角状卵形，长2-7.5厘米，宽0.5-3厘米，先端尖，有时稍钝圆，基部截形或略呈浅心形，有时宽楔形，花期后叶增大，基部垂片开展并具明显的牙齿，边缘具疏而浅的波状齿，近基部齿较深，两面无毛或近无毛；叶柄较长，长1.5-13厘米，上半部有狭而明显的翅，通常无毛，有时下部有细毛；托叶褐色，约3/4与叶柄合生，离生部分线状披针形或钻形，先端渐尖，边缘全缘或疏生细齿。花白色或淡紫色，有深色条纹，长1.4-1.7厘米；花梗细长，与叶等长或超出于叶，通常无毛，有时仅下部有细毛，中部附近有2枚线形小苞片；萼片卵状披针形或狭卵形，长5-6毫米，先端渐尖或稍尖，基部附属物较短，长0.5-1毫米，末端圆，有时疏生钝齿，具狭膜质缘，具3脉；上方花瓣倒卵形，长1-1.2厘米，侧方花瓣长圆状倒卵形，长1-1.2厘米，里面基部密生或有时生较少量的须毛，下方花瓣通常稍短，连距长1.3-1.5厘米；距管状，稍短而粗，长2-6毫米，粗2-3.5毫米，末端圆，直或稍向上弯；花药及药隔顶部附属物均长约2毫米，下方2枚雄蕊具长1-3毫米的距；子房卵球形，长约2毫米，无毛，花柱棍棒状，基部稍向前膝曲，上部逐渐增粗，柱头两侧及后方略增厚成狭缘边，前方具明显的短喙，喙端具柱头孔。蒴果椭圆形至长圆形，长6-9毫米，无毛。花果期4-9月。
产陕西、甘肃、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、台湾、河南、湖北、湖南、广东、海南、四川、云南、西藏。生于田野、路边、山坡草地、灌丛、林缘等处。喜马拉雅地区、印度、斯里兰卡、澳大利亚、印度尼西亚、日本也有。
全草供药用，有清热解毒、消肿散瘀；外敷可治节疮痛肿。
本种与紫花地丁 V. philippica Cav. 相近似，但下方花瓣之距较短，侧方花瓣密被须毛，叶形差异较明显，故较易区别。又与长萼堇菜 V. incunspicua Bl. 的区别在于本种萼附属物较短，末端钝圆，叶柄上半部具明显而狭长的翅。▽福建武夷山采的一份标本其叶柄及花梗下半部密生拱垂或开展的细毛，与 V. betonicifolia f. pubescens Hara in Fl. East. Himal. 3: 82. 1975 相近似，但叶片无毛，稍有差异，尚待获得较多标本时再进一步研究。▽《西藏植物志》 3: 296. 1986 记载，在西藏有 V betonicifolia subsp. jaunsariensis (W. Beck.）Hara 的分布，但我们未发现这个类型的标本。
形态特征：地下茎很短，无匍匐枝。叶基生，具长柄，条状披针形或条形，长2-9厘米，基部稍下延于叶柄，截形或略带心形，有时稍成戟形，顶端钝或稍圆，边缘有疏而浅的波状齿，近基部的齿较深，两面近无毛或无毛，花期后叶增大，基部常有显著的垂片；托叶分离部分 有疏齿。花具长梗，两侧对称；萼片5，披针形，基部创刊器长约1毫米，顶端圆；花瓣5，淡紫色或小白色，距管状，顶端等粗，长3-4毫米。果椭圆形，长约1厘米，无毛。
分 布：长江流域以南各省区
生 境：草坡、田野较湿处
繁殖方式：种子
习 性：阳生
药用部位：全草
药用功能：清热散瘀、消肿解毒
药用主治：用于清热、解毒
《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Viola betonicifolia Smith
戟叶堇菜 ji ye jin cai
Viola betonicifolia subsp. dielsiana W. Becker; V. betonicifolia subsp. nepalensis (Gingins) W. Becker; V. caespitosa D. Don; V. inconspicua Blume subsp. dielsiana W. Becker; V. oblongosagittata Nakai var. violascens Nakai; V. patrinii Gingins var. caespitosa (D. Don) Ridley; V. patrinii var. laotiana H. Boissieu; V. patrinii var. nepaulensis Gingins.
Herbs perennial, acaulescent. Rhizome obliquely ascending or erect, usually short, 5-10 mm, stout, with several robust, long, yellowish roots. Leaves numerous, basal, rosulate; stipules dark brownish, lanceolate, 3-5 × ca. 1 mm, ca. 3/4 adnate to petiole, free part linear-lanceolate or subulate, margin entire or sparsely denticulate, apex acuminate; petiole long, 1.5-13 cm, narrowly and conspicuously winged in upper part, usually glabrous, sometimes puberulous in lower part; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, narrowly triangular-hastate, or triangular-ovate, 2-7.5 × 0.5-3 cm, base truncate or shallowly cordate, sometimes broadly cuneate, apex acute, sometimes slightly obtuse; leaves accrescent after anthesis, both surfaces glabrous or subglabrous, lateral lobes spreading and conspicuously dentate, margin remotely shallowly crenate, more deeply dentate near base. Flowers white, light or deep purplish, deep-colored striate, 1.4-1.7 cm; pedicels long, equaling or exceeding leaves, slender, usually glabrous, sometimes puberulous in lower part, 2-bracteolate near middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-6 × 1-1.6 mm, apex acuminate or ± acute, basal auricles shorter, 0.5-1 mm, 3-veined, margin narrowly membranous, apex rounded, sometimes remotely obtusely dentate. Upper petals obovate, 1-1.2 cm, bearded; lateral ones oblong-obovate, bearded, 1-1.2 cm; anterior one usually shorter, 1.3-1.5 cm (spur included); spur tubular, short, 1-2.5 mm, stout, 2-3 mm in diam., apex rounded, straight or slightly curved upward; anthers and appendage of connectives ca. 2 mm; spur of 2 anterior stamens 1-3 mm. Ovary ovoid-globose, ca. 2 mm, glabrous; styles clavate, slightly geniculate forward, gradually thickened in upper part; stigmas slightly thickened and narrowly margined on lateral sides and abaxially, shortly beaked in front, with a stigma hole at tip of beak. Capsule ellipsoid to oblong, 6-9 mm, glabrous. Seed ovoid, 1-1.2 mm. Fl. Feb-May, fr. May-Sep. 2n = 24*, 48, 72*.
Fields, roadsides, grasslands on mountain slopes, thickets, forest margins; below 1500(-2500) m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, Japan, India, Indonesia, Kashmir, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; N Australia].