栏目

艾麻Laportea cuspidata (Wedd.) Friis

艾麻Laportea cuspidata (Wedd.) Friis

别名:麻杆七;火麻;山苎麻;千年老鼠屎;山活麻;蝎子草;红线麻;蛇麻草;活麻;红火麻;

科名:荨麻科 Urticaceae

属名:艾麻属 Laportea

《中国植物志》第23(2)卷037页
  5.艾麻(种子植物名称)蝎子草(河北、陕西太白),红火麻、红线麻、千年老鼠屎(秦岭),活麻(四川),山活麻(四川南川),麻杆七(四川叙永),蛇麻草(湖北巴东、恩施),山苎麻(湖南)图版5:6-10
  Laportea cuspidata (Wedd.) Friis in Kew Bull. 36 (1): 156. 1981. ——Girardiniacuspidata Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16 (1): 103. 1869; A. Jarmolenko in Korri. Fl. URSS5: 395. 1936——Sceptrocnide macrostachya Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 22: 238. 1877; Hand. -Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 118. 1929; 秦岭植物志1(2): 106, 图89. 1974; 湖北植物志1: 162, 图207. 1976; 云南种子植物名录, 上册, 737. 1984.——Laportea macrostachya (Maxim.) Ohwi in Journ. Jap. Bot. 12: 331. 1936, et Fl. Jap. 436. 1956; Chew in Gard. Bull. Singapore 25: 142, f. 11. 1969; 中国高等植物图鉴1: 506, 图1012. 1972; 河南植物志1: 289, 图359. 1981; 西藏植物志1: 533.图170 (5). 1982; 北京植物志rev. ed.上册123, 图156. 1984; 河北植物志1: 292, 图259. 1985; 安徽植物志2: 113, 图377, 1986; 贵州植物志4: 8, 图3 (5). 989. ——L.grossedentata C. H. Wright in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 474. 1899. ——L. giraldiana Pritz. ex diels in Bot. Jahrb. 29: 301. 1901. ——L. longispica Pamp. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 17: 256. 1910.——L. forrestii Diels in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 5: 292. 1912.
  多年生草本。根数条丛生,纺锤状,肥厚,一般长5-10厘米,粗3-5毫米,有的长达30厘米,粗达1厘米。茎下部多少木质化,不分枝或分枝,高40-150厘米,粗4-15毫米,直立,在上部呈“之”字形,具5条纵棱,有时带紫红色,疏生刺毛和短柔毛。有时生于叶腋的木质珠芽数枚。叶近膜质至纸质,卵形、椭圆形或近圆形,长7-22厘米,宽3. 5-17厘米,先端长尾状(长达7厘米),基部心形或圆形,有时近截形,边缘具粗大的锐牙齿,牙齿自下向上渐变大,有时具重牙齿,两面疏生刺毛和短柔毛,有时近光滑,钟乳体细点状,在上面稍明显,基出脉3条,稀离基三出脉,其侧出的一对近直伸达中部齿尖,侧脉2-4对,斜出达齿尖;叶柄长3-14厘米,被毛同茎上部;托叶卵状三角形,长3-4毫米,先端2裂,以后脱落。花序雌雄同株,雄花序圆锥状,生雌花序之下部叶腋,直立,长8-17厘米;雌花序长穗状,生于茎梢叶腋,在果时长15-25厘米,小团伞花簇稀疏着生于单一的序轴上,花序梗较短,长2-8厘米,疏生刺毛和短柔毛。雄花具短梗或近无梗,在芽时扁圆球形,径约1.5毫米;花被片5,狭椭圆形,外面上部无角状突起,疏生微毛;雄蕊5,花丝下部贴生于花被片;退化雌蕊倒圆锥形,长约0.4毫米。雌花具梗;花被片4,不等大,侧生2枚紧包被着子房,长圆状卵形,长约0.7毫米,在果时显著增大,外面有微毛,背生一枚圆卵形,内凹,长约0.6毫米,腹生一枚宽卵形,长约0.4毫米;柱头丝形,长约0.2毫米;雌蕊柄短,在果时显著增长。瘦果卵形,歪斜,双凸透镜状,长近2毫米,绿褐色,光滑,具短的弯折的柄,着生于近直立的雌蕊柄上,雌蕊柄长1-2毫米;花梗无翅;宿存花被侧生2枚圆卵形,长1.5-1.8毫米,背面中肋显著隆起。花期6-7月,果期8-9月。
  产河北西部、山西、河南、安徽、江西、湖南、湖北、陕西南部、甘肃东南部、四川、贵州、广西北部、云南和西藏东南部。生于海拔800-2 700米山坡林下或沟边。日本和缅甸也有分布。
  韧皮纤维可制绳索和代麻用;根药用,有祛风湿,解毒消肿之效。
  本种植物首先由 H. A. Weddell (1869)根据P. David在北京采的标本描述成Girardinia cuspidata Wedd.,经IB Friis (1981)进一步仔细检查了该种的模式标本后,发现这种植物不应是蝎子草属Girardinia,而应归属于艾麻属,并进行了新组合为现有名称。本种植物的叶形变异很大,过去被命名作不同的种名,均应予以归并。
形态特征:多年生草本,具多数纺锤状肥厚的根块。茎直立,高50-80厘米,有纵条棱,疏生螫毛。叶长卵形至宽卵形,长8-20厘米,宽5-12厘米,先端通常有浅凹缺,叶柄长3-7厘米。雌雄异株,雄花序圆锥形,长5-10厘米,雌花序长穗状,长可达20厘米。瘦果斜卵形,长约2毫米,扁平。花期6-8月
用    途:块根供药用,能祛风湿,又治水肿。
分    布:产老君山庙坪、黑水河等。
生    境:生长在海拔800-2000米林下或沟谷草丛中。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 5 (2003)
Laportea cuspidata  (Weddell) Friis
艾麻   ai ma
Girardinia cuspidata Weddell in Candolle, Prodr. 16(1): 103. 1869; Laportea forrestii Diels; L. giraldiana E. Pritzel ex Diels; L. grossedentata C. H. Wright; L. macrostachya (Maximowicz) Ohwi; Sceptrocnide macrostachya Maximowicz.
Herbs, roots often fusiform, tuberous, 5-10(-30) × 0.3-0.5(-1) cm. monoecious. Stems often caespitose, slightly woody at base, 40-150 cm tall, upper stem sometimes purplish, often zigzagged, 5-angled, rarely branched; sterile axils with 1-3 woody bulbils, 3-5 mm in diam.; upper stems and petioles sparsely pubescent and sparsely armed with stinging hairs particularly at nodes and basally, glabrescent. Stipules early caducous, ovate-triangular, 3-4 mm, apex 2-cleft; petiole 3-14 cm; leaf blade ovate, elliptic or suborbicular, 7-22 × 3.5-17 cm, membranous or papery, 3-veined, rarely tripliveined, lateral basal pair reaching to middle margin, lateral veins 2-4 each side of midvein, both surfaces sparsely pubescent and sparsely armed with stinging hairs, sometimes glabrescent, base cordate, rounded, rarely subtruncate, margin grossly dentate, teeth increasing in size toward apex, sometimes doubly serrate, apex long caudate, cauda occasionally serrate; cystoliths minutely punctiform, adaxially conspicuous. Male inflorescences in proximal axils, paniculate, 8-17 cm; female inflorescences subterminal, long spicate, 15-25 cm, peduncle 2-8 cm, often with glomerules at intervals along usually unbranched peduncle, sparsely pubescent and armed with stinging hairs. Male flowers pedicellate or subsessile, in bud ca. 1.5 mm; perianth lobes 5, narrowly ovate, puberulent, apex not corniculate; stamens 5; rudimentary ovary obconic, 0.4 mm. Female flowers: pedicels ca.1.5 mm, not winged; perianth lobes 4, almost free, strongly unequal, dorsal lobe broadly ovate, concave, ca. 0.6 mm, 2 lateral lobes largest, enclosing the ovary, oblong-ovate, ca. 0.7 mm, setulose beneath, ventral lobe smallest, ovate, ca. 0.4 mm. Ovary short stipitate, enlarged in fruit, asymmetrically ovoid; stigma reflexed, filiform, ca. 2 mm. Achene obovoid, slightly compressed, ca. 2 mm, smooth; stipe 1-2 mm; persistent lateral perianth lobes slightly enlarged, ca. 1.5-1.8 mm. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Sep.
Forest margins, thickets, partly shady, moist places, roadsides; 800-2700 m. Anhui, SE Gansu, N Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, SE Xizang [Japan, Myanmar].

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