油茶Camellia oleifera Abel.

别名：山茶;普通油茶;建茶;茶子树;茶油树;桃茶;白花油茶;白花茶;茶油;茶饼;野山楂;油茶树;油茶籽;油茶子;中果油茶;茶子心;山茶树;野茶籽;黄皮树;

科名：山茶科 Theaceae

属名：山茶属 Camellia

《中国植物志》第49(3)卷013页
  10. 油茶
  Camellia oleifera Abel Journ. China 174. 363, cum. ic. p. 174. 1818; Lindley in Bot. Reg. t. 942. 1825; Seely l. c. 204.——Camellia drupifera Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 411. 1790; Dunn & Tutcher Fl. Kwangtung & Hongkong 45, 46. 1912.——Thea oleifera (Abel) Rehd. & Wils. in Sargent. Pl. Wils. 2: 393. 1915.——Thea podogyna Levl. Sert. Yunnan. 2. 1916, et Cat. Pl. Yunnan 271. 1917.——Thea biflora Hayata in Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 30: 44. 1911, et Ic. Pl. Formos. 1: 90. 1911.——Camellia oleosa (Lour.) Wu in Engler Bot. Jahrh. 71: 192. 1940.
形态特征：灌木或小乔木，高达7米；小枝微有毛。叶革质，椭圆形，长3.5-9厘米，宽1.8-4.2厘米，上面无毛或中脉有硬毛，下面中脉基部有少数毛或无毛；叶柄长4-7毫米，有毛。花白色，顶生，单生或并生；花瓣5-7，分离，长2.5-4.5厘米，倒卵形至披针形，多少深2裂；雄蕊多数，外轮花丝仅基合生；子房密生白色丝状绒毛，花柱顶端3短裂。蒴果顶端有或无长柔毛，直径1.8-2.2厘米，果瓣厚木质，2-3裂；种子背圆腹扁，长至2.5厘米。
分    布：长江流域及以南各省区
生    境：栽培
繁殖方式：种子
习    性：阳生
药用部位：果实
药用功能：咽喉炎、胃痛、风湿心脏病
药用主治：咽喉炎、胃痛、风湿心脏病

《Flora of China》 Vol. 12 (2007)
Camellia oleifera  C. Abel
油茶   you cha
Camellia oleifera var. monosperma Hung T. Chang; C. drupifera Loureiro f. biflora (Hayata) S. S. Ying; Thea biflora Hayata; T. oleifera (C. Abel) Rehder & E. H. Wilson; T. podogyna H. Léveillé; T. sasanqua (Thunberg) Cels var. loureiroi Pierre.
Shrubs or trees, 1-5(-8) m tall. Young branches grayish brown; current year branchlets reddish brown, pubescent. Petiole 5-10 mm, pubescent; leaf blade elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or obovate, 3-10(-12) × 2-4(-5) cm, leathery to rigidly leathery, abaxially pale green, sparsely pilose along midvein or glabrous, and becoming yellowish green when dry, adaxially dark green, shiny, and hirtellous along midvein, midvein raised on both surfaces, secondary veins 5-8 on each side of midvein, abaxially obscure, and adaxially raised, base broadly cuneate to cuneate, margin serrate to serrulate, apex acute to acuminate and with an obtuse tip. Flowers axillary or subterminal, solitary or paired, 4-6 cm in diam., subsessile. Bracteoles and sepals 8-11, caducous; outer bracteoles and sepals lunate to semiorbicular, scalelike, 1-3 mm, glabrous or subglabrous; inner bracteoles and sepals obovate to suborbicular, 0.9-1.2 cm, outside yellow tomentose, inside glabrous, margin membranous and ciliolate. Petals 5-7, white, nearly distinct, obovate, oblong-obovate, or oblanceolate, 2.5-3.5(-4.5) × 1.5-2.5(-3) cm, apically 2-parted. Stamens ca. 1.5 cm, glabrous; outer filament whorl basally connate for ca. 5 mm. Ovary globose, 2-3 mm in diam., white tomentose, 3-loculed; style 0.8-1.2 cm, glabrous or base tomentose, apically 3-lobed to 3-parted. Capsule globose to ellipsoid, 2-4 cm in diam., 1-3-loculed with 1 or 2 seeds per locule; pericarp 3-6 mm thick, villous, splitting into 2 or 3 valves. Seeds brown to reddish brown, globose to semiglobose, 1.5-2 cm in diam. Fl. Dec-Jan, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 30, 45, 60, 90.
Forests, thickets; (200-)500-1800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [N Laos, N Myanmar, N Vietnam].
This species is extensively cultivated as an oil seed. Because of its long cultivation in China, it is often difficult to know if particular collections are wild, cultivated, or escaped. For this reason the original wild distribution is uncertain although it is possibly in the region of S Qin Ling to the Huai He valley. Camellia oleifera is the hardiest species in the genus and has the farthest north distribution.