栏目

水杉Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et W. C. Cheng

水杉Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et W. C. Cheng

别名:dawn redwood;乔木;水桫;梳子杉;水松;活化石;

科名:杉科 Taxodiaceae

属名:水杉属 Metasequoia

《中国植物志》第7卷311页
  水杉(湖北利川) 图版71
  Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng, 静生汇报 1(2): 154. 图版1-2. 1948; 郝景盛, 中国裸子植物志, 再版126. 图28. 1951; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学, 补编 3. 1957; 裴鉴、单人骅等, 江苏南部种子植物手册 11. 图14. 1959; 郑万钧等, 中国树木学 1: 224. 图102. 1961; Dallimore and Jackson, rev. Harrison, Handb. Coif. and Ginkgo. ed. 4. 317. 1966; 中国科学院植物研究所, 中国高等植物图鉴 1: 315. 图630. 1972. ——Sequoia glyptostroboides (Hu et Cheng) Weide in Repert. Sp. Nov. 66: 185. 1962.
  乔木,高达35米,胸径达2.5米;树干基部常膨大;树皮灰色、灰褐色或暗灰色,幼树裂成薄片脱落,大树裂成长条状脱落,内皮淡紫褐色;枝斜展,小枝下垂,幼树树冠尖塔形,老树树冠广圆形,枝叶稀疏;一年生枝光滑无毛,幼时绿色,后渐变成淡褐色,二、三年生枝淡褐灰色或褐灰色;侧生小枝排成羽状,长4-15厘米,冬季凋落;主枝上的冬芽卵圆形或椭圆形,顶端钝,长约4毫米,径3毫米,芽鳞宽卵形,先端圆或钝,长宽几相等,约2-2.5毫米,边缘薄而色浅,背面有纵脊。叶条形,长0.8-3.5 (常1.3-2)厘米, 宽1-2.5(常1.5-2)毫米,上面淡绿色,下面色较淡,沿中脉有两条较边带稍宽的淡黄色气孔带, 每带有4-8条气孔线,叶在侧生小枝上列成二列,羽状,冬季与枝一同脱落。球果下垂,近四棱状球形或矩圆状球形,成熟前绿色,熟时深褐色,长1.8-2.5厘米,径1.6-2.5厘米,梗长2-4厘米,其上有交对生的条形叶; 种鳞木质,盾形,通常11-12对,交叉对生,鳞顶扁菱形,中央有一条横槽,基部楔形,高7-9毫米,能育种鳞有5-9粒种子;种子扁平,倒卵形,间或圆形或矩圆形,周围有翅,先端有凹缺,长约5毫米,径4毫米;子叶2枚,条形,长1.1-1.3厘米,宽1.5-2毫米,两面中脉微隆起,上面有气孔线,下面无气孔线;初生叶条形,交叉对生,长1-1.8厘米,下面有气孔线。花期2月下旬,球果11月成熟。
  水杉这一古老稀有的珍贵树种为我国特产,仅分布于四川石柱县及湖北利川县磨刀溪、水杉坝一带及湖南西北部龙山及桑植等地海拔750-1500米、气候温和、夏秋多雨、酸性黄壤土地区。在河流两旁、湿润山坡及沟谷中栽培很多,也有少数野生树木,常与杉木、茅栗、锥栗、枫香、漆树、灯台树、响叶杨、利川润楠等树种混生。模式标本采自湖北利川县磨刀溪。▽水杉为喜光性强的速生树种,对环境条件的适应性较强。自水杉被发现以后,尤其在解放以后,我国各地普遍引种,北至辽宁草河口、辽东半岛,南至广东广州,东至江苏、浙江,西至云南昆明、四川成都、陕西武功,已成为受欢迎的绿化树种之一。湖北、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西等省用之造林和四旁植树,生长很快。国外约50个国家和地区引种栽培,北达北纬60度的列宁格勒及阿拉斯加等地,在零下34℃及47℃的低温条件下能在野外越冬生长。
  边材白色,心材褐红色,材质轻软,纹理直,结构稍粗,早晚材硬度区别大,不耐水湿。可供房屋建筑、板料、电杆、家具及木纤维工业原料等用。生长快,可作长江中下游、黄河下游,南岭以北、四川中部以东广大地区的造林树种及四旁绿化树种。树姿优美,又为著名的庭园树种。
形态特征:落叶乔木;小枝对生,下垂,具长枝与脱落性短枝。叶交互对生,2列,羽状,条形,扁平,柔软,几无柄,长1-1.7厘米,宽约2毫米,上面中脉凹下,下面两侧有4-8条气孔线。雌雄同株;球花单生叶腋或枝顶;雄球花在枝上排成总状或圆锥花序状,雄蕊交互对生;雌球花具22-28片交互对生的珠鳞,各有5-9胚珠。球果下垂,近球形,微具四棱,长1.8-2.5厘米,有长柄;种鳞木质,*形,顶部宽有凹陷,两端尖,熟后深褐色,宿存;种子倒卵形,扁平,周围有窄翅,先端有凹缺。
分    布:四川、湖北、湖南
生    境:栽培
繁殖方式:种子
习    性:阳生
药用部位:全草
药用功能:止痛、痈疮肿毒
药用主治:止痛、痈疮肿毒

《Flora of China》 Vol. 4 (1999)
Metasequoia glyptostroboides  Hu & W. C. Cheng
水杉   shui shan
Metasequoia glyptostroboides var. caespitosa Y. H. Long & Y. Wu; Sequoia glyptostroboides (Hu & W. C. Cheng) Weide.
Trees to 50 m tall; trunk buttressed at base, to 2.5 m d.b.h.; bark of young trees pale orange-brown with darker flakes and exfoliating, finally dark reddish brown to gray, fissured; crown narrowly conical or pyramidal, finally broadly conical; branches ascending; branchlets pendulous, axis pinkish green or pale purple in 1st year, later brownish gray; winter buds to 5 × 3 mm, apex obtuse, scales yellowish brown, ca. 2-2.5 × 2-2.5 mm. Lateral branchlets deciduous, opposite, each subtended by leaflike scale, with longer and shorter leaves alternating irregularly, forming an ovate-elliptic outline 3-7 × 1.5-4 cm. Leaves borne at 45-60° to branchlet axis, 2-5 mm apart, bluish green or yellowish green adaxially, paler abaxially, turning orange or red in autumn, linear, 0.8-1.5 cm × 1.2-2 mm on old trees but longer on younger trees, stomatal hands 0.4-0.6 mm, indistinct, marginal bands 0.5-0.6 mm wide, apex obtuse or with hyaline mucro, more sharply acute on leaves of leader branchlets. Pollen cones ovoid, 2.5-5.5 × 2-3.8 mm; bracts triangular-ovate or obovate, ca. 4 × 3 mm, lowest minutely ciliate distally, others glabrous. Seed cones purplish black when young, oblong-ellipsoid and to 9 × 5.5 mm at pollination, subglobose and 1.4-2.5 × 1.6-2.3 cm when mature; basal cone scales 9-ovulate, middle 7-ovulate, distal 5-ovulate, apical sterile. Seeds ca. 5 × 4 mm. Pollination Feb-Mar, before leaves, seed maturity Oct-Nov.
* Riparian habitats on valley floors and in moist ravine bottoms, on acidic, montane yellow-earth soils in regions with moderate climate,
A rare species as a native plant because the valley floors are now largely under rice cultivation.
Also widely cultivated as an ornamental or planted forafforestation in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
Lectotypified by LIN Qi & CAO Ziyu. 2007. Acta Bot. Yunnan. 29(3): 291. 2007.

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