榧树Torreya grandis Fort. ex Lindl.
榧树Torreya grandis Fort. ex Lindl.
1. 榧树(本草纲目) 圆榧、芝麻榧、了木榧、米榧、栾泡榧、细圆榧、大圆榧(浙江),野杉(江西、浙江),药榧(安徽黄山),钝叶榧树、小果榧树(中国树木分类学),榧、凹叶榧、小果榧(中国裸子植物志) 图版105
Torreya grandis Fort. ex Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 788. 1857, ibidem 588. f. 1-3. 1858, ibidem n. ser. 22: 681. f. 117. 1884; Gord. Pinet. 326. 1858; Parl. in DC. Prodr. 16(2): 505. 1868; Beissn. Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2. 58. 1909, Beissn. u. Fitsch. ibidem ed. 3. 52. 1930; Clinton-Baker, Illustr. Conif. 3. t. 61. 1913; Chun, Chinese Econ. Trees 47. 1921, pro parte; Dallimore and Jackson Handb. Conif. 75. 1923, ed. 3. 102. f. 10 c-f. 1948, pro parte, rev. Harrison, Handb. Conif. and Ginkgo. ed. 628. f. 124 c-f. 1966, pro parte; 胡先骕, 科学社生物所论文集 3(5): 5. t. 3-11. 13-18. 1927; 钱崇澍, ibidem 27. 1927; Rehd. Man. Cult. Trees and Shrubs 4. 1927, ed. 2. 4. 1940, et Bibliogr. 4. 1949; 郑万钧, 科学社生物所论文集 8: 302. 1933; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学 8. 图5. 1937; Metcalf, Fl. Fukien 1: 22. 1942; 刘玉壶, 中研汇报 1(2): 145. f. 1. 1947; 郝景盛, 中国裸子植物志 17. 图3. 1945, 再版15. 图3. 1951; 裴鉴、单人骅等, 江苏南部种子植物手册 5. 图5. 1959; 郑万钧等, 中国树木学 1: 287. 图136. 1961; S. Y. Hu in Taiwania 10: 23. 1964; 中国科学院植物研究所, 中国高等植物图鉴 1: 335. 图669. 1972. ——Caryotaxus grandis Henkel et Hochst. Syn. Nadelh. 367. 1865. ——Tumion grandis Greene in Pittonia 2: 194. 1891. ——Torreya nucifera (Linn.) Sieb. et Zucc. var. grandis (Fort.) Pilger in Engler, Pflanzenr. 18 Heft, 4(5): 107. 1903. ——Torreya grandis Fort. f. majus Hu; 科学社生物所论文集 3(5): 6. t. 9. 1927. ——Torreya grandis Fort. f. non-apiculata Hu, 1. c. 6. t. 10. ——Torreya grandis Fort. var. dielsii Hu, 1. c. 7. t. 4. ——Torreya grandis Fort. var. Chingii Hu, 1. c. 8. t. 8. Torreya grandis Fort. var. sargentii Hu, 1. c. 7. t. 7.
乔木,高达25米,胸径55厘米;树皮浅黄灰色、深灰色或灰褐色, 不规则纵裂;一年生枝绿色,无毛,二、三年生枝黄绿色、淡褐黄色或暗绿黄色,稀淡褐色。叶条形,列成两列,通常直,长1.1-2.5厘米,宽2.5-3.5毫米,先端凸尖,上面光绿色,无隆起的中脉,下面淡绿色,气孔带常与中脉带等宽,绿色边带与气孔带等宽或稍宽。雄球花圆柱状,长约8毫米,基部的苞片有明显的背脊,雄蕊多数,各有4个花药,药隔先端宽圆有缺齿。种子椭圆形、卵圆形、倒卵圆形或长椭圆形,长2-4.5厘米,径1.5-2.5厘米,熟时假种皮淡紫褐色,有白粉,顶端微凸,基部具宿存的苞片,胚乳微皱;初生叶三角状鳞形。花期4月,种子翌年10月成熟。
为我国特有树种,产于江苏南部、浙江、福建北部、江西北部、安徽南部,西至湖南西南部及贵州松桃等地,生于海拔1400米以下,温暖多雨,黄壤、红壤、黄褐土地区。模式标本采自浙江。
边材白色,心材黄色,纹理直,结构细,硬度适中,有弹性,有香气,不反挠,不开裂,耐水湿,比重0.56。为建筑、造船、家具等的优良木材;种子为著名的干果—香榧,亦可榨食用油;其假种皮可提炼芳香油(香榧壳油)。
在浙江诸暨及东阳等地栽培历史悠久,经劳动人民长期培育选择,选出了象香榧那样种粒大、品味佳、丰产的优良类型。1927年胡先骕根据种子形状和大小分出了4个变种和2个变型。因野生榧树的种子形状和大小有很大的变异,除香榧系劳动人民多年培育(嫁接而成)的优良品种外,其余的变种、变型均系实生苗长成的树木,其种子形状、大小虽有差异,但亦有许多中间类型,故予以归并。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 4 (1999)
Torreya grandis Fortune ex Lindley
榧树 fei shu
Trees to 25 m tall; trunk to 0.5(-2) m d.b.h.; bark light yellowish gray, dark gray, or grayish brown, with irregular vertical fissures. Leafy branchlets oblong-obovate in outline, 4-7 × 2.5-4 cm, axis green and glabrous in 1st year, thereafter yellowish green, light brownish yellow or pale brown. Leaves borne at (50-)60-90° to branchlet axis; petiole 0.5-1 mm; blade bright green and glossy adaxially, linear-lanceolate, usually straight, (0.7-)1.1-2.5(-4.5) cm × 2-3.5 mm, with no conspicuous grooves, midvein indistinct adaxially, (0.2-)0.5-0.7 mm wide abaxially, stomatal bands (0.2-)0.3-0.4 mm wide, marginal bands 0.5-0.7 mm wide, base obtuse or broadly rounded, ± symmetric, margin flat or very narrowly revolute, apex symmetrically or slightly asymmetrically tapered, cuspidate, cusp 0.3-1 mm. Pollen cones columnar, ca. 8 mm; bracts conspicuously ridged. Aril pale purplish brown and white powdery when ripe, apex obtuse-rounded or rounded and cuspidatae. Seed ellipsoid to ovoid, elongate-ellipsoid, obovoid, or obovoid-conical, 2-4.5 × 1.2-2.5 cm; female gametophyte tissue slightly wrinkled, not ruminate. Pollination Apr, seed maturity Sep-Nov of 2nd year.
* Mountains, open valleys, often by streams, on yellow, red, and dark soils; 200-1400 m. S Anhui, N Fujian, NE Guizhou, W Hunan, S Jiangsu, N Jiangxi, Zhejiang
The wood is used in constructing buildings, bridges, and furniture. The seed, known as "xiangfei," is edible and also yields an edible oil; the essential oil "torreya oil" is extracted from the aril.
Numerous variants have been recognized at the rank of variety, form, or cultivar (cf. S. Y. Hu, Taiwania 10: 23-25. 1964). Torreya grandis var. sargentii Hu appears very distinct, leaf blade: midvein very narrow, ca. 0.2 mm wide, with green belt on either side ca. 0.3 mm wide, stomatal bands very narrow, 0.2-0.25 mm wide; seed strongly obovoid, 40-45 × 18-20 mm); however, very few specimens have been seen, so the distinctions are probably not genuine; it is included here in the synonymy of var. grandis.
别名:钝叶榧树;羊角榧;小果榧;香榧子;细圆榧;王榧;香榧;栾泡榧;榧子;大圆榧;臭榧;草榧;凹叶榧;(木/皮)子;药榧;榧子树;了木榧;米榧;榧;野杉;芝麻榧;野柏树;冷杉;木/皮;五榧;细榧;云南榧树;巴山榧树;野杉树;木榧;圆榧;玉榧;果榧;
科名:红豆杉科 Taxaceae
属名:榧树属 Torreya
《中国植物志》第7卷458页
1. 榧树(本草纲目) 圆榧、芝麻榧、了木榧、米榧、栾泡榧、细圆榧、大圆榧(浙江),野杉(江西、浙江),药榧(安徽黄山),钝叶榧树、小果榧树(中国树木分类学),榧、凹叶榧、小果榧(中国裸子植物志) 图版105
Torreya grandis Fort. ex Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 788. 1857, ibidem 588. f. 1-3. 1858, ibidem n. ser. 22: 681. f. 117. 1884; Gord. Pinet. 326. 1858; Parl. in DC. Prodr. 16(2): 505. 1868; Beissn. Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2. 58. 1909, Beissn. u. Fitsch. ibidem ed. 3. 52. 1930; Clinton-Baker, Illustr. Conif. 3. t. 61. 1913; Chun, Chinese Econ. Trees 47. 1921, pro parte; Dallimore and Jackson Handb. Conif. 75. 1923, ed. 3. 102. f. 10 c-f. 1948, pro parte, rev. Harrison, Handb. Conif. and Ginkgo. ed. 628. f. 124 c-f. 1966, pro parte; 胡先骕, 科学社生物所论文集 3(5): 5. t. 3-11. 13-18. 1927; 钱崇澍, ibidem 27. 1927; Rehd. Man. Cult. Trees and Shrubs 4. 1927, ed. 2. 4. 1940, et Bibliogr. 4. 1949; 郑万钧, 科学社生物所论文集 8: 302. 1933; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学 8. 图5. 1937; Metcalf, Fl. Fukien 1: 22. 1942; 刘玉壶, 中研汇报 1(2): 145. f. 1. 1947; 郝景盛, 中国裸子植物志 17. 图3. 1945, 再版15. 图3. 1951; 裴鉴、单人骅等, 江苏南部种子植物手册 5. 图5. 1959; 郑万钧等, 中国树木学 1: 287. 图136. 1961; S. Y. Hu in Taiwania 10: 23. 1964; 中国科学院植物研究所, 中国高等植物图鉴 1: 335. 图669. 1972. ——Caryotaxus grandis Henkel et Hochst. Syn. Nadelh. 367. 1865. ——Tumion grandis Greene in Pittonia 2: 194. 1891. ——Torreya nucifera (Linn.) Sieb. et Zucc. var. grandis (Fort.) Pilger in Engler, Pflanzenr. 18 Heft, 4(5): 107. 1903. ——Torreya grandis Fort. f. majus Hu; 科学社生物所论文集 3(5): 6. t. 9. 1927. ——Torreya grandis Fort. f. non-apiculata Hu, 1. c. 6. t. 10. ——Torreya grandis Fort. var. dielsii Hu, 1. c. 7. t. 4. ——Torreya grandis Fort. var. Chingii Hu, 1. c. 8. t. 8. Torreya grandis Fort. var. sargentii Hu, 1. c. 7. t. 7.
乔木,高达25米,胸径55厘米;树皮浅黄灰色、深灰色或灰褐色, 不规则纵裂;一年生枝绿色,无毛,二、三年生枝黄绿色、淡褐黄色或暗绿黄色,稀淡褐色。叶条形,列成两列,通常直,长1.1-2.5厘米,宽2.5-3.5毫米,先端凸尖,上面光绿色,无隆起的中脉,下面淡绿色,气孔带常与中脉带等宽,绿色边带与气孔带等宽或稍宽。雄球花圆柱状,长约8毫米,基部的苞片有明显的背脊,雄蕊多数,各有4个花药,药隔先端宽圆有缺齿。种子椭圆形、卵圆形、倒卵圆形或长椭圆形,长2-4.5厘米,径1.5-2.5厘米,熟时假种皮淡紫褐色,有白粉,顶端微凸,基部具宿存的苞片,胚乳微皱;初生叶三角状鳞形。花期4月,种子翌年10月成熟。
为我国特有树种,产于江苏南部、浙江、福建北部、江西北部、安徽南部,西至湖南西南部及贵州松桃等地,生于海拔1400米以下,温暖多雨,黄壤、红壤、黄褐土地区。模式标本采自浙江。
边材白色,心材黄色,纹理直,结构细,硬度适中,有弹性,有香气,不反挠,不开裂,耐水湿,比重0.56。为建筑、造船、家具等的优良木材;种子为著名的干果—香榧,亦可榨食用油;其假种皮可提炼芳香油(香榧壳油)。
在浙江诸暨及东阳等地栽培历史悠久,经劳动人民长期培育选择,选出了象香榧那样种粒大、品味佳、丰产的优良类型。1927年胡先骕根据种子形状和大小分出了4个变种和2个变型。因野生榧树的种子形状和大小有很大的变异,除香榧系劳动人民多年培育(嫁接而成)的优良品种外,其余的变种、变型均系实生苗长成的树木,其种子形状、大小虽有差异,但亦有许多中间类型,故予以归并。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 4 (1999)
Torreya grandis Fortune ex Lindley
榧树 fei shu
Trees to 25 m tall; trunk to 0.5(-2) m d.b.h.; bark light yellowish gray, dark gray, or grayish brown, with irregular vertical fissures. Leafy branchlets oblong-obovate in outline, 4-7 × 2.5-4 cm, axis green and glabrous in 1st year, thereafter yellowish green, light brownish yellow or pale brown. Leaves borne at (50-)60-90° to branchlet axis; petiole 0.5-1 mm; blade bright green and glossy adaxially, linear-lanceolate, usually straight, (0.7-)1.1-2.5(-4.5) cm × 2-3.5 mm, with no conspicuous grooves, midvein indistinct adaxially, (0.2-)0.5-0.7 mm wide abaxially, stomatal bands (0.2-)0.3-0.4 mm wide, marginal bands 0.5-0.7 mm wide, base obtuse or broadly rounded, ± symmetric, margin flat or very narrowly revolute, apex symmetrically or slightly asymmetrically tapered, cuspidate, cusp 0.3-1 mm. Pollen cones columnar, ca. 8 mm; bracts conspicuously ridged. Aril pale purplish brown and white powdery when ripe, apex obtuse-rounded or rounded and cuspidatae. Seed ellipsoid to ovoid, elongate-ellipsoid, obovoid, or obovoid-conical, 2-4.5 × 1.2-2.5 cm; female gametophyte tissue slightly wrinkled, not ruminate. Pollination Apr, seed maturity Sep-Nov of 2nd year.
* Mountains, open valleys, often by streams, on yellow, red, and dark soils; 200-1400 m. S Anhui, N Fujian, NE Guizhou, W Hunan, S Jiangsu, N Jiangxi, Zhejiang
The wood is used in constructing buildings, bridges, and furniture. The seed, known as "xiangfei," is edible and also yields an edible oil; the essential oil "torreya oil" is extracted from the aril.
Numerous variants have been recognized at the rank of variety, form, or cultivar (cf. S. Y. Hu, Taiwania 10: 23-25. 1964). Torreya grandis var. sargentii Hu appears very distinct, leaf blade: midvein very narrow, ca. 0.2 mm wide, with green belt on either side ca. 0.3 mm wide, stomatal bands very narrow, 0.2-0.25 mm wide; seed strongly obovoid, 40-45 × 18-20 mm); however, very few specimens have been seen, so the distinctions are probably not genuine; it is included here in the synonymy of var. grandis.
- 巴山榧树地理分布格局及潜在分布区
- 香榧雌花芽的形态分化
- ICP-OES法测定云南榧树不同部位矿质元素
- 云南榧树的扦插繁殖及园林应用
- 云南榧树群落及其植物区系特征研究
- 珍稀濒危树种长叶榧树的生态结构及栽培技术
- 红豆杉与白豆杉
- 金佛山巴山榧树灌丛群落主要木本植物种群生态位特征
- 金佛山喀斯特山地灌丛巴山榧树群落特征
- 榧子与伪品巴山榧树种子的鉴别
- 巴山榧树及近缘种的psbA-trnH序列分析
- 巴山榧树(Torreya fargesii)资源及其保护
- 巴山榧树种子特性与幼苗生长规律
- 日本榧树果实的化学成分研究
- 日本榧树中二苄丁内酯木脂素类的神经保护作用
- 长叶榧树的自然分布与繁育栽培技术试验
- 日本榧树中具有神经保护活性的二苄基丁酸内酯木脂素
- 东北红豆杉心材和日本榧树果实化学成分的研究
- 日本榧树果实中抑制人妇科肿瘤细胞增殖活性成分及其作用机制的研究
- 日本榧树中的双苄基丁内酯木脂素类成分的肝保护作用
- 云南榧树中木脂内酯类化合物Torreyunlignans与PDE9A同源蛋白3JSW的分子对接研究
- 云南榧树育苗造林技术
- 南方红豆杉、榧树内生真菌的研究
- 日本榧树树皮和祁洲漏芦根的化学成分研究
- 大娄山区巴山榧树遗传多样性的RAPD分析
- 我国特有树种长叶榧树的生物学特性与保护问题研究
- 长叶榧树模式标本采集地的考证与研究
- 不同地理种群巴山榧树及近缘种叶绿体trnL-trnF序列的分析
- 长叶榧树及其在贵定地区的分布
- 金佛山喀斯特山地巴山榧树灌丛群落优势灌木种群的种间关系
- 湖南榧树属新纪录种—长叶榧树
- 金佛山巴山榧树灌丛群落的种类组成及结构分析