栀子Gardenia jasminoides Ellis

别名：野栀子;玉荷花;薝蔔;卮子;支子;黄果树;山黄枝;桅子;山黄槴;黄桅子;黄梔子;山黄支;水晶花;水黄枝;山黄梔;山婵卜;黄栀花;哥萝算龙;重瓣栀子;大栀子;蝉水横枝;山梔子;黄梔;黄枝子;黄珠子;梔子花;白蝉;木丹;黄栀子;巵子;山枝子;山栀;山栀子;水横枝;水栀子;鲜支;小果栀子;支木;黄枝;黄栀;山梔;枝子;白蟾花;白蟾;山黄栀;红枝子;黄鸡子;黄果子;越桃;山枝;梔子;栀子花;Cape jasmine;

科名：茜草科 Rubiaceae

属名：栀子属 Gardenia

《中国植物志》第71(1)卷332页
  4. 栀子（本草经）水横枝、黄果子（广东），黄叶下（福建），山黄枝（台湾），黄栀子，黄栀，山栀子，山栀，水栀子，林兰，越桃，木丹，山黄栀
  Gardenia jasminoides Ellis in Philos. Trans. 51 (2): 935, t. 23. 1761; Sprague in Kew Bull. 16. 1929; Merr. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. new ser. 24 (2): 367. 1935; Rehd. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 16: 321. 1935; Hand. -Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7(4): 1021. 1936; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学1123. 1937; 广州植物志508. 1956; 刘棠瑞, 台湾木本植物图志, 卷下: 1108. 1962; Li, Woody Fl. Taiwan 852, fig. 343. 1963; Backer et Bakh. Fl. Java 2: 313. 1965; Ferguson in Not. Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 32 (1): 108. 1972; 海南植物志3: 325. 1974; 中国高等植物图鉴4: 238, 图5890. 1975; J. M. Chao in Li, Fl. Taiwan 4: 265, pl. 994. 1978; Hara et Gould in Hara et al. Enum. Flow. Pl. Nepal 2: 202. 1979; 云南种子植物名录, 下册: 1253. 1984. ——G. florida Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 305. 1762; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 153. 1861; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 115. 1880; Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 382. 1888; E. Pritz. in Bot. Jahrb. 29: 582. 1901; Levi. Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 366. 1915; Hutchins. in Sargent. Pl. Wils. 3: 401. 1916. ——G. radicans Thunb. Fl. Jap. 109. t. 20. 1784; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学1124. 1937.——G. grandiflora Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 147. 1790. ——G. schlechteri Levl. in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 146. 1911 et Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 366. 1915. ——G. augusta Merr. Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amb. 485. 1917. ——G. jasminoides Ellis f. variegates (Carr.) Nakai, Trees et Shrubs Jap. ed. 2, 519. 1927, syn. nov. ——G. jasminoides Ellis f. oblanceolata (Nakai) Nakai, l. c. 520, syn. nov. ——G. jasminoides Ellis var. boninensis (Nakai) Nakai, l. c. 521, syn. nov. ——G. jasminoides Ellis var. longisepala (Masam.). Metcalf in Iingnan Sci. Journ. 12 (4): 593. 1933, syn. nov. ——G. jasminoides Ellis f. simpliciflora (Makino) Makino, Ill. Fl. Nippon 118. 1940, syn. nov.——G. jasminoides Ellis f. maruba (Sieb. ex Bl.) Nakai ex Ishii, Engei-Daijiton 2: 690. 1950, syn. nov.——G. jasminoides Ellis f. ovalifolia (Sims) Hara, Enum. Sperm. Jap. 2: 15. 1952, syn. nov.
形态特征：常绿灌木，高可达2米，幼枝有细毛。叶对生或3叶轮生，革质，长椭圆形或长圆状披针形，有时卵状披针形，长7-14厘米，宽2-5厘米，先端短尖，全缘，基部楔形，上面光亮，仅下面脉腋内簇生短毛；托叶膜质，基部全成鞘。花单生于枝顶或叶腋，大形，白色，极时；花梗极短；萼筒卵形或倒卵形，上部膨大，先端5-6裂，理解片条形或条状披针形；花冠军旋卷，高脚杯状，花完筒狭圆柱状，长约3毫米，裂片5枚或更多，倒卵状长圆形，雄蕊6枚，着生于花冠军喉部，无花丝，花药条形；子房下位，1室；花柱细柱状，竖直，伸出于花冠筒。向上渐粗；柱头捧状，表面有纵棱而下延。果实倒卵形或长椭圆形，通常有翅状纵棱6条，长3-5厘米，黄色，顶端有宿存花萼。种子扁平，球形。花期5-7月，果期8-11月。
分    布：恩施、宜昌、黄冈、咸宁
生    境：沟旁、路边、疏林等地
繁殖方式：种子
习    性：阳生
药用部位：果实
药用功能：消炎、解热、肝炎
药用主治：用于热病、虚烦不眠、黄疸等。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 19 (2011)
Gardenia jasminoides  J. Ellis Philos. Trans. 51: 935. 1761.
栀子   zhi zi
Shrubs, 0.3-3 m tall; branches terete to flattened, with internodes developed to shortened, glabrescent or usually densely puberulent to pilosulous, becoming gray to grayish white, with buds resinous and distalmost internodes often covered with resin. Leaves opposite or rarely ternate, subsessile to petiolate; petiole to 0.5(-1) cm, densely puberulent or shortly pilosulous to glabrous; blade drying thinly leathery to stiffly papery, oblong-lanceolate, obovate-oblong, obovate, oblanceolate, or elliptic, 3-25 × 1.5-8 cm, adaxially shiny and glabrous or sometimes puberulent on principal veins, abaxially puberulent or pilosulous to glabrous, base cuneate to acute, apex acute to acuminate or obtuse then abruptly long acuminate; secondary veins 8-15 pairs, in abaxial axils often with pilosulous domatia; stipules calyptrate, cylindrical, 4-13 mm, splitting for ca. 3/4 their length, densely puberulent to glabrous. Flower solitary, terminal; peduncle 1-10 mm, puberulent or pilosulous to glabrous. Calyx puberulent or pilosulous to glabrous; ovary portion obconic or obovoid, 5-8 mm, with (5 or)6(-8) weak to developed longitudinal ridges; limb with basal tubular portion 3-5 mm; lobes (5 or)6(-8), lanceolate or linear-lanceolate to spatulate, 10-30 × 1-4 mm, often strongly keeled, acute. Corolla white to pale yellow, simple or in cultivation sometimes doubled, outside glabrous; tube 30-50 × 4-6 mm, cylindrical, in throat pilose; lobes (5 or)6(-8) or numerous when doubled, obovate or obovate-oblong, 15-40 × 6-28 mm, obtuse to rounded. Fruiting peduncles apparently not much elongating. Berry yellow or orange-yellow, ovoid, subglobose, or ellipsoid, 1.5-7 × 1.2-2 cm, with 5-9 longitudinal ridges, with persistent calyx lobes to 40 × 6 mm; seeds suborbicular, weakly angled, ca. 3.5 × 3 mm. Fl. Mar-Jul, fr. May-Feb.
Thickets and forests at streamsides, on mountain slopes or hills, or in valleys or fields; near sea level to 1500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; cultivated in Gansu, Hebei, Shanxi [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Japan, N Korea, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam; cultivated in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America, and Pacific islands].
This is one of the most commonly collected species of Rubiaceae in China. It is quite variable morphologically especially in leaf size, calyx lobe size, and corolla size. Several varieties have been recognized for Chinese plants (e.g., Qiu & Zhong, Fl. Zhejiang 6: 105. 1986) but are not clearly separated or widely accepted outside this region. The varieties recognized by W. C. Chen (in FRPS 71(1): 332-335. 1999) are outlined below for reference.This is one of the most commonly collected species of Rubiaceae in China. It is quite variable morphologically especially in leaf size, calyx lobe size, and corolla size. Several varieties have been recognized for Chinese plants (e.g., Qiu & Zhong, Fl. Zhejiang 6: 105. 1986) but are not clearly separated or widely accepted outside this region. The varieties recognized by W. C. Chen (in FRPS 71(1): 332-335. 1999) are outlined below for reference.