玫瑰Rosa rugosa Thunb.

别名：rugosa rose;刺玫花;徘徊草;玫瑰花;湖花;笔头花;红玫瑰;红花刺木苔;刺玫菊;刺玫瑰;赤蔷薇;梅桂;徘徊花;刺玫;海蓬蓬;色比莫德格;红玫花;萨日钙-其其格;扎木日－其其格;梅槐;眉山玫瑰一号;眉山玫瑰二号;眉山玫瑰三号;玖瑰;赛永;野玫瑰;洋玫瑰;刺梅花;红刺玫;

科名：蔷薇科 Rosaceae

属名：蔷薇属 Rosa

《中国植物志》第37卷401页
  33. 玫瑰（群芳谱）
  Rosa rugosa Thunb. Fl. Jap. 213. 1784; Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Kor. 7: 34. t. 7. 1918; Rehd. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 5:204. 1924; 东北木本植物图志 313. 图版108. 图226. 1955; 东北植物检索表 154. 图版48. 图5. 1959; 江苏南部种子植物手册 358. 1959; Ohwi, Fl. Jap. 540. 1965; 中国高等植物图鉴 2: 247. 图2223. 1972; 秦岭植物志 1(2), 567. 1974; 内蒙古植物志 3: 59. 图版30. 图1-4. 1977. ——R. ferox Lawrance Coll. Roses, t. 42. 1799. ——R. pubescens Baker in Willmott, Gen. Ros. 2: 499. 1914. non Roxburgh 18332, nec Schneider 1861, nec Leman. 1818.
  直立灌木，高可达2米；茎粗壮，丛生；小枝密被绒毛，并有针刺和腺毛，有直立或弯曲、淡黄色的皮刺，皮刺外被绒毛。小叶5-9，连叶柄长5-13厘米；小叶片椭圆形或椭圆状倒卵形，长1.5-4.5厘米，宽1-2.5厘米，先端急尖或圆钝，基部圆形或宽楔形，边缘有尖锐锯齿，上面深绿色，无毛，叶脉下陷，有褶皱，下面灰绿色，中脉突起，网脉明显，密被绒毛和腺毛，有时腺毛不明显；叶柄和叶轴密被绒毛和腺毛；托叶大部贴生于叶柄，离生部分卵形，边缘有带腺锯齿，下面被绒毛。花单生于叶腋，或数朵簇生，苞片卵形，边缘有腺毛，外被绒毛；花梗长5 -22 5毫米，密被绒毛和腺毛；花直径4-5.5厘米；萼片卵状披针形，先端尾状渐尖，常有羽状裂片而扩展成叶状，上面有稀疏柔毛，下面密被柔毛和腺毛；花瓣倒卵形，重瓣至半重瓣，芳香，紫红色至白色；花柱离生，被毛，稍伸出萼筒口外，比雄蕊短很多。果扁球形，直径2-2.5厘米，砖红色，肉质，平滑，萼片宿存。花期5-6月，果期8-9月。
  原产我国华北以及日本和朝鲜。我国各地均有栽培。园艺品种很多，有粉红单瓣 R. rugosa Thunb. f. rosea Rehd.、白花单瓣 f. alba (Ware）Rehd.，紫花重瓣 f. plena (Regel）Byhouwer、白花重瓣 f. albo-plena Rehd. 等供观赏用。
  鲜花可以蒸制芳香油，油的主要成分为左旋香芳醇，含量最高可达千分之六，供食用及化妆品用，花瓣可以制饼馅、玫瑰酒、玫瑰糖浆，干制后可以泡茶，花蕾入药治肝、胃气痛、胸腹胀满和月经不调。果实含丰富的维生素C、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、枸橼酸、苹果酸及胡萝卜素等。种子含油约14%。
形态特征：直立灌木，高约2米；枝干粗壮，有皮刺和刺毛，小枝密生绒毛。羽状复叶；小叶5-9，椭圆形或椭圆状倒卵形，长2-5厘米，宽1-2厘米，边缘有钝锯齿，质厚，上面光亮，多皱，无毛，下面苍白色，有柔毛及腺体；叶柄和叶轴有绒毛及疏生小皮刺和刺毛；托叶大部附着于叶柄上。花单生或3-6朵聚生；花梗有绒毛和腺；花紫红色至白色，芳香，直径6-8厘米。蔷薇果扁球形，直径2-2.5厘米，红色，平滑，具宿存萼裂片。
分    布：我国北部
生    境：栽培
繁殖方式：种子
习    性：阳生
药用部位：花及根
药用功能：理气活血、收敛
药用主治：理气活血、收敛

《Flora of China》 Vol. 9 (2003)
Rosa rugosa  Thunberg
玫瑰   mei gui
Rosa ferox Lawrence; R. pubescens Baker.
Shrubs erect, to 2 m tall. Stems fasciculate, robust; branchlets tomentose; prickles dense, yellowish, terete, straight, greatly variable in size and intermixed, to 5 mm, fine, evenly tapering to base, lower parts tomentose, intermixed with glandular bristles. Leaves including petiole 5–13 cm, thick; stipules mostly adnate to petiole, free parts ovate, abaxially tomentose, margin glandular-pubescent, apex acute; rachis and petiole tomentose, sometimes with a few, short prickles; leaflets 5–7(–9), elliptic or elliptic-obovate, 1.5–4.5 × 1–2.5 cm, abaxially tomentose, reticulate, adaxially glabrous, shiny, rugose due to concave veins, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin acutely serrate, apex acute or rounded-obtuse. Flower solitary, or several and fasciculate, axillary, 4–5.5 cm in diam.; pedicel 5–25 mm, tomentose and glandular-pubescent; bracts ovate, abaxially tomentose, margin glandular-pubescent, apex acuminate. Hypanthium subglobose, glabrous. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, often leaflike, abaxially pubescent and stipitate glandular, adaxially sparsely pubescent, pinnately lobed, apex caudate-acuminate. Petals 5, double or semi-double, purple-red, dark pink, or white, obovate, base cuneate, apex emarginate. Styles free, slightly exserted, much shorter than stamens. Hip dark red, depressed-globose, 2–2.5 cm in diam., smooth, with persistent, erect sepals. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 14*.
Coastal hillsides, sandy soils on sea shores, offshore islands; below 100 m. Native in E Jilin (Hunchun Xian), Liaoning, NE Shandong (Yantai Shi); widely cultivated elsewhere in China [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)].
This species has many horticultural forms widely cultivated in China. According to Fu (China Plant Red Data Book 1: 558–559. 1992), it is endangered as a wild plant by picking and uprooting.