枣Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

别名：红枣;枣树;枣子树;山枣子;山酸枣;枣子;棘;红枣树;山枣仁;木蜜;别大枣;大枣;枣仁;山枣;黄毛棘;棘刺花;棘酸枣;棘子;角针;山红枣;白蒲枣;刺枣;半官枣;良枣;野红枣;南枣;枣刺;美枣;栎枣子;胶枣;花红枣;干枣;大红枣;察巴嘎;酸枣;酸枣仁;酸棘;酸枣子;无刺枣;野枣;干赤枣;藥枣子;

科名：鼠李科 Rhamnaceae

属名：枣属 Ziziphus

《中国植物志》第48(1)卷133页
  1．枣（诗经）枣树，枣子（俗称），大枣（湖北），红枣树、刺枣（四川），枣子树，贯枣，老鼠屎　图版36: 1-4
  Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 1. 1768; Rehd. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 3: 220. 1922; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学749.图637.1937;海南植物志3: 3. 1974.——Z. sativa Gaertn. Fruct. 1: 202. 1788; Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 261. 1909; Hand.-Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 669. 1933. ——Z. vulgaris Lam. Encycl. Meth. 3; 316. 1789.——Z. sinensis Lam., 1. c. 316. 1789. ——Z. jujuba Mill. var. inermis auct. non (Bunge) Rehd.:中国高等植物图鉴2: 754. 1972 (除图3273).
形态特征：落叶灌木或小乔木，高3-10米。小枝常略曲折。叶互生；托叶常成刺状；叶片卵圆形至卵状披针形，长3-7厘米，宽2-3.5厘米，先端短尖而钝，基部偏斜，边缘有钝锯齿，基生3出脉。聚伞花序腋生；花小，淡黄绿色，有芳香；萼筒为阔倒圆锥形，裂片5；花瓣5；雄蕊5枚；雌蕊1，子房陷入花盘内，基部与花盘愈合。核果大，卵表或长圆形，深红色，味甜，核两端锐尖。花期4-5月，果期8-9月。
分    布：各地
生    境：栽培
繁殖方式：种子
习    性：阳生
药用部位：果实
药用功能：养肝、安神、宁心
药用主治：脾胃虎弱、食少便溏、气血亏虚、脏燥、牙疳

《Flora of China》 Vol. 12 (2007)
Ziziphus jujuba  Miller
枣   zao
Trees small, rarely shrubs, deciduous, to 10 m tall, spinose or unarmed. Bark brown or gray-brown, with long reduced branches, without buds; branchlets (new branches) purple-red or gray-brown, flexuose, smooth, with 2 stipular spines or not; long spines erect, to 3 cm, stout; short spines recurved, developed from old branches; annual branchlets pendulous, green, solitary or 2-7-fascicled on short shoots. Stipular spines slender, caducous; petiole 1-6 mm, or to 1 cm on long shoots, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; leaf blade abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green, ovate, ovate-elliptic, or elliptic-oblong, 3-7 × 1.5-4 cm, papery, abaxially ± puberulent on major veins or glabrous, adaxially glabrous, 3-veined from base, base slightly asymmetric, subrounded, margin crenate-serrate, apex obtuse or rounded, rarely acute, mucronulate. Flowers yellow-green, bisexual, 5-merous, glabrous, solitary or 2-8 crowded in axillary cymes, shortly pedunculate. Pedicel 2-3 mm. Sepals ovate-triangular, adaxially distinctly keeled. Petals obovate, ca. as long as stamens, clawed at base. Disk orbicular, thick, fleshy, 5-lobed. Ovary basally slightly immersed in disk; style 2-cleft to half. Drupe red at maturity, turning red-purple, oblong or narrowly ovoid, 2-3.5 cm, (0.5-)1.5-2 cm in diam.; mesocarp fleshy, thick, sweet- or sour-tasting; stone acute or obtuse at both ends, 2-loculed, 1- or 2-seeded; fruiting pedicel 2-5 mm or longer. Seeds compressed-orbicular, ca. 1 × 0.8 cm, Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 24*, 36*, 48*.
● Mountains, hills, sunny dry slopes, plains, also widely cultivated; below 1700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [cultivated in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North and South America].
Kirkbride et al. (Taxon 55: 1049-1050. 2007 ["2006"]) proposed the name Ziziphus jujuba for conservation against the paratautonym Z. zizyphus.

Ziziphus jujuba f. tortuosa C. Y. Cheng & M. J. Liu (J. Hebei Agric. Univ. 17(4): 7. 1994) is cultivated in gardens in Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, S Shaanxi (Qin Ling), and Shandong. The plants are small trees with ascending, often tortuous branchlets without spines, long fruiting pedicels, and small drupes ca. 5 mm in diam. that resemble cucurbit fruits.

Ziziphus jujuba f. lageniformis (Nakai) Kitagawa (Lin. Fl. Manshur. 313. 1939; Z. sativa Gaertner var. lageniformis Nakai, Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo, Sect. IV, 1: 8. 1934) was recorded in FRPS (48(1): 136. 1982) from Hebei and (as cultivated) Beijing. However, it could not be treated here because no material was seen by the authors.