罂粟Papaver somniferum Linn.

别名：opium poppy;罂子粟壳;大烟;阿芙蓉;大烟花;米谷花;米壳;米壳花;米囊;米囊子;米囊子壳;粟壳;象谷;白花罂粟;米橐子壳;囊子;罂栗;御米;御米花;鸦片;鸦片花;鸦片烟;罂粟壳;罂子粟;莺粟;

科名：罂粟科 Papaveraceae

属名：罂粟属 Papaver

《中国植物志》第32卷052页
  1.罂粟（本草图经、本草纲目）鸦片、大烟、米壳花、罂子粟（本草纲目拾遗），御米、象谷、米囊、囊子（开宝本草），阿芙蓉（滇南本草）图版12：4-5
  Papaver somniferum L. Sp. pl. ed. 1: 508. 1753; DC. Prodr. 1: 118. 1824; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 117. 1875; Fedde in Engl. Pflanzenr. 4: 338, fig. 37. A. 1909; in Engl. et Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2/17b: 112, fig. 58. 1936; Fl. URSS 7: 644. 1937；Fl. Europ. 1: 247. 1964；秦岭植物志1 (2): 365. 1974；云南植物志2: 44, 图版14: 3. 1979；湖北植物志2: 9. 1979；东北草本植物志4: 11. 1980；新疆植物检索表2: 334. 1980;江苏植物志, 下: 217,图1071. 1982;云南种子植物名录, 上册: 170. 1984;西藏植物志2: 222,图74: 4-5. 1985;福建植物志2: 157. 1985；安徽植物志2: 430, 图759. 1986；河南植物志2: 7, 图719. 1988；P. Y. Fu in Bull. Bot. Research 9 (2): 19. 1989；贵州植物志4: 181, 图版68: 3. 1989；广西植物志1: 406, 图版168: 1-2. 1991；浙江植物志3: 6, 图3-7. 1993.
  一年生草本，无毛或稀在植株下部或总花梗上被极少的刚毛，高30-60 (-100)厘米，栽培者可达1.5米。主根近圆锥状，垂直。茎直立，不分枝，无毛，具白粉。叶互生，叶片卵形或长卵形，长7-25厘米，先端渐尖至钝，基部心形，边缘为不规则的波状锯齿，两面无毛，具白粉，叶脉明显，略突起；下部叶具短柄，上部叶无柄、抱茎。花单生；花梗长达25厘米，无毛或稀散生刚毛。花蕾卵圆状长圆形或宽卵形，长1.5-3.5厘米，宽1-3厘米，无毛；萼片2，宽卵形，绿色，边缘膜质；花瓣4，近圆形或近扇形，长4-7厘米，宽3-11厘米，边缘浅波状或各式分裂，白色、粉红色、红色、紫色或杂色；雄蕊多数，花丝线形，长1-1.5厘米，白色，花药长圆形，长3-6毫米，淡黄色；子房球形，直径1-2厘米，绿色，无毛，柱头（5-）8-12（-18），辐射状，连合成扁平的盘状体，盘边缘深裂，裂片具细圆齿。蒴果球形或长圆状椭圆形，长4-7厘米，直径4-5厘米，无毛，成熟时褐色。种子多数，黑色或深灰色，表面呈蜂窝状。花果期3-11月。
  原产南欧，我国许多地区有关药物研究单位有栽培。印度、缅甸、老挝及泰国北部也有栽培。
  花大，色艳，重瓣的栽培品种为庭园观赏植物。未成熟果实含乳白色浆液，制干后即为鸦片，和果壳均含吗啡、可待因、罂粟碱等多种生物碱，加工入药，有敛肺、涩肠、止咳、止痛和催眠等功效，治久咳、久泻、久痢、脱肛、心腹筋骨诸痛；种子榨油可供食用。
形态特征：一年生草本。茎高30-80厘米，分枝，有伸展的糙毛。叶互生，羽状深裂，裂片披针形或条状披针形，顶端急尖，边缘生粗锯齿，两面有糙毛。花蕾卵球形，有长梗，未开放时下垂；萼片绿色，椭圆形，长约1.8厘米，花开后即脱落；花瓣4，紫红色，基部常具深紫色斑，宽倒卵形或近圆形，长约3.5厘米；雄蕊多数，花丝深红紫色，花药黄色；雌蕊倒卵球形，长约1厘米，柱头辐射状。
分    布：各地
生    境：栽培
繁殖方式：种子
习    性：阳生
药用部位：全草
药用功能：镇痛、麻醉、催眠
药用主治：祛风解毒、消肿、散瘀

《Flora of China》 Vol. 7 (2008)
Papaver somniferum  Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 508. 1753.
罂粟   ying su
Herbs, annual, 30-60(-100) cm tall (to 1.5 m in cultivation), glabrous or rarely slightly setose on plant below or on peduncle. Taproot erect, almost conical. Stems erect, glaucous, glabrous, occasionally somewhat setose. Leaves alternate; blade ovate or oblong, 7-25 cm, both surfaces glabrous, glaucous and rather waxy, veins distinct, slightly raised, base cordate, margin irregularly undulate-serrate, apex acuminate to obtuse; leaves below shortly petiolate but above sessile and amplexicaul. Flowers solitary, deeply cup-shaped, 5-12 cm in diam. Pedicel to 25 cm, glabrous or rarely sparsely setose. Flower buds nutant at first, erect at anthesis, oval-oblong or broadly ovoid, 1.5-3.5 × 1-3 cm, glabrous. Sepals 2, green, broadly ovate, margin membranous. Petals 4, white, pink, red, purple, or various, often with a dark basal blotch, suborbicular or almost flabellate, 4-7 × 3-11 cm, margin undulate or variously lobed. Stamens many; filaments white, linear, 1-1.5 cm; anthers yellowish or cream, oblong, 3-6 mm. Ovary green, spherical, 1-2 cm in diam., glabrous; stigmas 5-12(-18), actinomorphic, united into compressed disk, disk margin deeply divided, lobes crenulate. Capsule brown when mature, spherical or oblong-elliptic, 4-9 × 4-5 cm, glabrous. Seeds many, black or deep gray, adaxially alveolate. Fl. Mar-Aug. 2n = 18, 22-23, 25, 32.
Cultivated at many medicinal institutes in China and also illegally [cultivated in Afghanistan, India, Laos, Myanmar, and N Thailand; native to S Europe where it is also widely cultivated ornamentally and for the pharmaceutical industry].
This species is the source of heroin, morphine, and other alkaloids used in the drug trade and in medicine. The seeds are widely used as a condiment.This species is the source of heroin, morphine, and other alkaloids used in the drug trade and in medicine. The seeds are widely used as a condiment.