栏目

紫萁Osmunda japonica Thunb.

紫萁Osmunda japonica Thunb.

别名:大木贯众;檀树贯众;贯仲;拳菜;薇;白线鸡尾;老虎牙;高脚贯众;大贯众;土贯众;大叶贯仲;大叶贯众;毛狗子;薇贯众;管仲;水骨菜;贯众;广东苔;黑背龙;鸡心贯众;大叶狼衣;飞蛾七;金贝草;一把抓;南京药;紫其;紫箕贯众;紫箕;月亮叶;日本紫萁;波丝克蕨;老虎苔;毛老鼠;宽叶紫萁;猫蕨;高脚紫萁;打俄勒给;猫儿蕨;见血长;老虎台;鸡老壳拳菜;紫萁蕨;紫萁贯众;月亮草;薇菜;

科名:紫萁科 Osmundaceae

属名:紫萁属 Osmunda

《中国植物志》第2卷078页
  1. 紫萁(中国主要植物图说,蕨类植物门) 图版IV,1-4
  Osmunda japonica Thunb. in Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. II (1780) 209; Fl. Jap. (1784) 330; Desv. Prod. (1827) 197; Nakai in Bot. Mag. Tokyo XLI (1927) 679; Cop. in Philip. Journ. Sci. IV (1927) t. 11; Ogata, Ic. Fil. Jap. V (1933) t. 240; Tard. -Blot, et C. Chr. in Fl. Indo-Chine VII, ii (1939) 33; 傅书遐, 中国主要植物图说 (蕨类植物门) (1957) 26页 130图; H. Ito, Fil. Jap. Illustr. (1944) t. 493 ——Osmundastrum japonicum Presl in Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. V (1848) 326 ——O. regalis var. japonica Milde, Fil. Europ. et Atl. (1867) 179; C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905)474. ——O. regalis var. biformis Benth. Fl. Hongk. (1861) 440 ——O. biformis Makino in Journ. Jap. Bot. IV (1927) 4 ——O. regalis Dunn & Tutch. Fl. Kwangt. & Hongk. in Kew Bull. Add. Ser. X (1912) 356; Matsum. Shokubutsu Meii (1895) 200, non Linn. 1753.
  植株高50-80厘米或更高。根状茎短粗,或成短树干状而稍弯。叶簇生,直立,柄长20-30厘米,禾稈色,幼时被密绒毛,不久脱落;叶片为三角广卵形,长30-50厘米,宽25-40厘米,顶部一回羽状,其下为二回羽状;羽片3-5对,对生,长圆形,长15-25厘米,基部宽8-11厘米,基部一对稍大,有柄(柄长1-1.5厘米),斜向上,奇数羽状;小羽片5-9对,对生或近对生,无柄,分离,长4-7厘米,宽1.5-1.8厘米,长圆形或长圆披针形,先端稍钝或急尖,向基部稍宽,圆形,或近截形,相距1.5-2厘米,向上部稍小,顶生的同形,有柄,基部往往有1-2片的合生圆裂片,或阔披形的短裂片,边缘有均匀的细锯齿。叶脉两面明显,自中肋斜向上,二回分歧,小脉平行,达于锯齿。叶为纸质,成长后光滑无毛,干后为棕绿色。孢子叶(能育叶)同营养叶等高,或经常稍高,羽片和小羽片均短缩,小羽片变成线形,长1.5-2厘米,沿中肋两侧背面密生孢子囊。
  为我国暖温带、亚热带最常见的一种蕨类。北起山东(崂山),南达两广,东自海边,西迄云、贵、川西,向北至秦岭南坡。生于林下或溪边酸性土上。孢叶春夏间抽出,深棕色,成熟后枯死。也广泛分布于日本、朝鲜、印度北部(喜马拉雅山地)。嫩叶可食。铁丝状的鬚根为附生植物的培养剂。
  本种的营养叶和孢子叶照例分开,但也偶见营养叶顶部羽片变成能育,如欧洲的 O. regalis Linn. 一样。这种变型叫作 var. sublancea(Christ)Nakai in Bot. Mag. Tokyo XLI (1927) 679。
形态特征:植株高50-80厘米,根状茎粗壮,斜升。叶二型,幼时密被绒毛;不育叶片三角状阔叶卵形,长30-50厘米,宽25-40厘米,顶部以下二回羽状,小羽片矩圆形或矩圆披针形,先端钝或短尖,基部圆形或圆楔形,边缘有匀密的矮钝锯齿。能育叶强度收缩,小羽片条形,长1.5-2厘米,沿主脉两侧密生孢子囊,成熟后枯死。
分    布:暖温带及亚热带
生    境:林下或溪边
繁殖方式:孢子
习    性:荫生
药用部位:全草
药用功能:感冒、消炎
药用主治:感冒、消炎

《Flora of China》 Vol. 2-3 (2013)
Osmunda japonica  Thunberg Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. 3: 209. 1780.
紫萁   zi qi
Osmunda biformis (Bentham) Makino; O. japonica var. sublancea (Christ) Nakai; O. nipponica Makino; O. regalis Linnaeus var. biformis Bentham; O. regalis subsp. japonica (Thunberg) á. L?ve & D. L?ve; O. regalis var. japonica (Thunberg) Milde; O. regalis var. sublancea Christ; Osmundastrum japonicum (Thunberg) C. Presl.
Rhizome erect, ascending, or shortly creeping. Fronds 2-pinnate, dimorphic, or rarely hemidimorphic, up to 150 × 50 cm; fiddleheads enveloped by pale reddish brown, long lax hairs, but glabrescent and naked in mature fronds; stipe green or straw-colored, terete, glabrous or glandular hairy when very young; sterile fronds oblong-subdeltoid, 30-50 × 25-40 cm, 2-pinnate; lowest pinnae largest, 20-30 cm; pinnules spreading, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5-10 × 1-2.5 cm, papery, base truncate to subtruncate, asymmetrical, sessile, margin minutely dentate, apex acute; veins all free, lateral veins joining main veins at ca. 50° angle; fertile fronds 2-pinnate; pinnules linear, 2-4 mm wide, covered throughout with sporangia except on costae, falling soon after spore dispersal. 2n = 44.
Forests, by streams, exposed hillsides, grasslands; 100-3000 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, N India, Japan (including Ryukyu Islands), Kashmir, Korea, Myanmar, Pakistan, Russia (Sakhalin), Thailand, Vietnam].

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