栏目

月见草Oenothera biennis Linn.

月见草Oenothera biennis Linn.

别名:common evening primrose;山萝卜;普通月见草;香待霄草;东风草;野油菜;松给鲁麻-其其格;夜来香;月苋草;晚樱草;顷刻花;待宵花;待宵草;山芝麻;红杆月见草;

科名:柳叶菜科 Onagraceae

属名:月见草属 Oenothera

《中国植物志》第53(2)卷062页
  2.月见草(华北经济植物志要)山芝麻、夜来香(东北土名)
  Oenothera biennis L. , Sp. Pl 1: 346. 1753; Hegi, Illus. FL. Mitt-Europ. 5 (2): 886. 1926; 崔友文, 华北经济植物志要350. 1953; Munz, N, Amer. Fl. Ser. 2, 5: 186. 1965; Raven in Tutin & Heywood, Fl. Europ. 2: 306. 1968; 东北草本植物志6: 155. 1977; 北京植物志, 修订版, 上册623, 1984: 河北植物志2: 225, 图1129. 1988; 辽宁植物志, 上册1248. 1988; 内蒙古植物志, ed. 2, 3: 577, 图227. 1987; Boufford in Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 31: 337, figs. 5d-e. 1990; Dietrich, wagner & Raven, Syst. Bot. Monogr. (Oenothera) 50: 93, fig. 30. 1997: 贵州植物志4: 282, 图版103 (1-2). 1989; Hoch & Wagler in T. C. Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2. 3: 964. 1993; 山东植物志, 下册780. 1997. ——Oenothera muricata L., Syst. Nat. Ed. 12, 263. 1767.——Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 269. 1772: Sheinb. In Shishkin & Bobrov, Fl. USSR 15: 628. 1949.——Onagra muricata (L.) Moench, Mechodus 675. 1794; Shteinb. in Shishkin & Bobrov, Fl. USSR 15: 629. 1949.
  直立二年生粗状草本,基生莲座叶丛紧贴地面;茎高50-200厘米,不分枝或分枝,被曲柔毛与伸展长毛(毛的基部疱状),在茎枝上端常混生有腺毛。基生叶倒披针形,长10-25厘米,宽2-4.5厘米,先端锐尖,基部楔形,边缘疏生不整齐的浅钝齿,侧脉每侧12-15条,两面被曲柔毛与长毛;叶柄长1.5-3厘米。茎生叶椭圆形至倒披针形,长7-20厘米,宽1-5厘米,先端锐尖至短渐尖,基部楔形,边缘每边有5-19枚稀疏钝齿,侧脉每侧6-12条,每边两面被曲柔毛与长毛,尤茎上部的叶下面与叶缘常混生有腺毛;叶柄长0-15毫米。花序穗状,不分枝,或在主序下面具次级侧生花序;苞片叶状,芽时长及花的1/2,长大后椭圆状披针形,自下向上由大变小,近无柄,长1.5-9厘米,宽0.5-2厘米,果时宿存,花蕾锥状长圆形,长1.5-2厘米,粗4-5毫米,顶端具长约3毫米的喙;花管长2.5-3.5厘米,径1-1.2毫米,黄绿色或开花时带红色,被混生的柔毛、伸展的长毛与短腺毛;花后脱落;萼片绿色,有时带红色,长圆状披针形,长1.8-2.2厘米,下部宽大处4-5毫米,先端骤缩成尾状,长3-4毫米,在芽时直立,彼此靠合,开放时自基部反折,但又在中部上翻,毛被同花管;花瓣黄色,稀淡黄色,宽倒卵形,长2.5-3厘米,宽2-2.8厘米,先端微凹缺;花丝近等长,长10-18毫米;花药长8-10毫米,花粉约50%发育;子房绿色,圆柱状,具4棱,长1-1.2厘米,粗1.5-2.5毫米,密被伸展长毛与短腺毛,有时混生曲柔毛;花柱长3.5-5厘米,伸出花管部分长0.7-1.5厘米;柱头围以花药。开花时花粉直接授在柱头裂片上,裂片长3-5毫米。蒴果锥状圆柱形,向上变狭,长2-3.5厘米,径4-5毫米,直立。绿色,毛被同子房,但渐变稀疏,具明显的棱。种子在果中呈水平状排列,暗褐色,棱形,长1-1.5毫米,径0.5-1毫米,具棱角,各面具不整齐洼点。
  原产北美(尤加拿大与美国东部),早期引入欧洲,后迅速传播世界温带与亚热带地区。在我国东北、华北、华东(含台湾)、西南(四川、贵州)有栽培,并早已沦为逸生,常生开旷荒坡路旁。
  本种在我国东北与华北地区常有成片野化,其种子含油量达25.1%,其中含Y-亚麻酸达8.1%,是最有开发前景物种。
形态特征:多年生草本,高70-100厘米;主根发达,近木质;茎直立,被毛。基生叶丛生,具柄,茎生叶互生,具短柄或无柄,条状披针形,长10厘米左右,宽1-1.5厘米,两面被白色柔毛,边缘具不整齐疏锯齿。花两面三刀性,单生于叶腋,鲜黄色,无柄,夜间开入;萼筒延伸于子房之上,裂片4,披针形,长约2厘米,近倒心形,长约3厘米,顶端微凹缺;雄蕊8,等长;子房下位,柱状4裂。蒴果圆柱形,略具4钝棱,被毛,长2-3厘米,直径约5毫米。
分    布:东北及山东、江苏
繁殖方式:种子
习    性:阳生
药用部位:
药用功能:感冒、咽喉炎
药用主治:感冒、喉炎,具解热清火之功效。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Oenothera biennis  Linnaeus
月见草   yue jian cao
Oenothera muricata Linnaeus; O. suaveolens Desfontaines; Onagra biennis (Linnaeus) Scopoli; O. muricata (Linnaeus) Moench.
Herbs erect, biennial, with basal rosette. Stems 30-200 cm tall, simple or sparsely branched, densely to very sparsely strigillose and with longer spreading and usually pustulate-based hairs, inflorescence often also glandular puberulous. Leaves green or pale green, with inconspicuous veins, sessile or shortly petiolate; rosette blade 10-30 × 2-5 cm; cauline blade narrowly oblanceolate to elliptic, 5-22 × (1-)1.5-5(-6) cm, base acute to attenuate, margin dentate to subentire, often lobed near base, apex acute. Inflorescence a dense mostly unbranched spike. Flowers open near sunset; floral tube (2-)2.5-4 cm. Sepals 1.2-2.2(-2.8) cm, with free tips 1.5-3 mm, erect. Petals yellow, fading to orange, 1.2-2.5(-3) cm. Anthers 3-6(-9) mm; pollen ca. 50% fertile. Ovary densely glandular puberulous and sparsely villous or with very sparse pustulate-based hairs, sometimes only densely strigillose; stigma surrounded by anthers. Capsules green, narrowly lanceoloid to lanceoloid, 2-4 cm, sessile. Seeds in two rows per locule, brown to nearly black, 1.1-2 mm, irregularly pitted. Fl. Jul-Oct, fr. Jul-Nov. 2n = 14, permanent translocation heterozygote; self-compatible, autogamous.
Common in open, disturbed areas; near sea level to 1500 m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Russia; native to E North America; widely naturalized in SW Asia, Europe, Pacific islands (New Zealand), and S South America].
The seeds of this species contain gamma linolenic acid (GLA), an anti-inflammatory compound of potential therapeutic use for cardiovascular disorders, arthritis, and other human diseases. The cultivation of these plants as a source of GLA has increased recently, and the species has become naturalized widely in China.

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