楝Melia azedarach Linn.

别名：金铃子;楝树果;楝皮;苦楝树;紫花树;火棯树;苦楝子树;川楝子;楝孔;梀树;苦辣树;苦楝根皮;苦楝皮;苦楝子;苦梀;楝枣树;翠树;苦柰;苦栋;楝子树;苦苓;楝枣树皮;苦枣;苦岑;苦楝;楝枣子;楝果子;森树;楝木根皮;野苦楝;棯楝;楝树;苦栋皮;Chinaberrytree;

科名：楝科 Meliaceae

属名：楝属 Melia

《中国植物志》第43(3)卷100页
  1.楝（本草径）苦楝（通称），楝树、紫花树（江苏），森树（广东）图版22：6-7
  Melia azedarach Linn. Sp. Pl. 384. 1753. DC. Prod, 1: 621. 1824; Hiern in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 544. 1875; C. DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 451. 1878; Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 113. 1886; Diels in Bot. Jahrb. 29: 426. 1900; Hayata, Ic. Pl. Formos. 1: 126: 1911; Dunn et Tutch. in Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. Add. ser. 10: 58. 1912; Rehd. et Wils. in Sarg. Pl. Wilson. 2: 157. 1914; Rehd. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 8: 152. 1927; Merr. In Lingn. Sci. Journ 5: 103. 1927; Hand. -Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 632. 1933; 侯宽昭、陈德昭, 植物分类学报4: 8. 1955; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学598, 图497. 1957;中国高等植物图鉴2: 566 图2864. 1972;海南植物志3: 61, 图566. 1974; 云南植物志1: 220, 图版52; 8-10. 1977;江苏植物志, 下406, 图1398. 1982;云南种子植物名录, 上册831. 1984;广东植物志2: 285, 1991,——M. azedarach Linn. var. subtripinnata Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. -Bat. 3: 24. 1867, Prol. Fl. Jap. 212. 1867.——M. japonica var. semperflorens Makino in Toky- o Bot. Mag. 18: 67. 1904——M. dubia auct. non Cav.: 侯宽昭, 陈德昭, 植物分类学报4. 11. 1955.
  落叶乔木，高达10余米；树皮灰褐色，纵裂。分枝广展，小枝有叶痕。叶为2-3回奇数羽状复叶，长20-40厘米；小叶对生，卵形、椭圆形至披针形，顶生一片通常略大，长3-7厘米，宽2-3厘米，先端短渐尖，基部楔形或宽楔形，多少偏斜，边缘有钝锯齿，幼时被星状毛，后两面均无毛，侧脉每边12-16条，广展，向上斜举。圆锥花序约与叶等长，无毛或幼时被鳞片状短柔毛；花芳香；花萼5深裂，裂片卵形或长圆状卵形，先端急尖，外面被微柔毛；花瓣淡紫色，倒卵状匙形，长约1厘米，两面均被微柔毛，通常外面较密；雄蕊管紫色，无毛或近无毛，长7-8毫米，有纵细脉，管口有钻形、2-3齿裂的狭裂片10枚，花药10枚，着生于裂片内侧，且与裂片互生，长椭圆形，顶端微凸尖；子房近球形，5-6室，无毛，每室有胚珠2颗，花柱细长，柱头头状，顶端具5齿，不伸出雄蕊管。核果球形至椭圆形，长1-2厘米，宽8-15毫米，内果皮木质，4-5室，每室有种子1颗；种子椭圆形。花期4-5月，果期10-12月。
  产我国黄河以南各省区，较常见；生于低海拔旷野、路旁或疏林中，目前已广泛引为栽培。广布于亚洲热带和亚热带地区，温带地区也有栽培。模式标本采自喜马拉雅山区。
  本植物在湿润的沃土上生长迅速，对土壤要求不严，在酸性土、中性土与石灰岩地区均能生长，是平原及低海拔丘陵区的良好造林树种，在村边路旁种植更为适宜。边材黄白色，心材黄色至红褐色，纹理粗而美，质轻软，有光泽，施工易，是家具、建筑、农具、舟车、乐器等良好用材；用鲜叶可灭钉螺和作农药，用根皮可驱蛔虫和钩虫，但有毒，用时要严遵医嘱，根皮粉调醋可治疥癣，用苦楝子做成油膏可治头癣；果核仁油可供制油漆、润滑油和肥皂。
  据侯宽昭、陈德昭在《植物分类学报》第4卷介绍，在广东、广西、云南等省区还有岭南楝树(Melia dubia Cav.）的分布，其主要区别特征是花瓣两面被柔毛，核果椭圆形，但这二个特征基本与本种一致，因此笔者认为此为错误鉴定。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 11 (2008)
Melia azedarach  Linnaeus
楝   lian
Melia azedarach subvar. intermedia Makino; M. azedarach var. intermedia (Makino) Makino; M. azedarach var. subtripinnata Miquel; M. azedarach var. toosendan (Siebold & Zuccarini) Makino; M. japonica G. Don var. semperflorens Makino; M. toosendan Siebold & Zuccarini.
Trees to 10 m tall, deciduous. Bark brownish gray, longitudinally exfoliating. Branches spreading; branchlets with leaf scars. Leaves odd-pinnate, 2-pinnate or 3-pinnate, 20-40 cm; leaflets opposite; leaflet blades ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, 3-7 × 2-3 cm but terminal one usually slightly larger, both surfaces with stellate trichomes when young but glabrescent, secondary veins 12-16 on each side of midvein, outspread and ascending, base ± oblique and cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin crenate or sometimes entire, apex shortly acuminate. Thyrses ± ca. 1/2 as long as leaves, glabrous or covered with short lepidote pubescence. Flowers fragrant. Calyx 5-parted; sepals ovate to oblong-ovate, outside puberulent, apex acute. Petals lilac-colored, obovate-spatulate, 0.9-1.3 cm, both surfaces puberulent but usually outside more densely so. Staminal tube purple, 7-8 mm, with longitudinal stripes, glabrous or subglabrous, apical margin with 10 narrow lobes; lobes conic, further 2- or 3-lobed; anthers 10, inserted on inner side of lobes and alternate to lobes, narrowly elliptic, apex slightly mucronulate. Ovary spherical, glabrous, 5-8-locular, with 2 ovules per locule; style acerose; stigma capitate, not included within filament tube, apex 5-dentate. Drupe globose to ellipsoid, 1-3 × 0.8-1.5 cm; endocarp ligneous. Seed ellipsoid. Fl. Mar-May, fr. Oct-Dec.
Mixed evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous forests, sparse forests, field margins, roadsides; 500-2100 m. Anhui, Fujian, S Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, S Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Shandong, S Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, SE Xizang, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; tropical Australia, Pacific islands (Solomon Islands)].
This species is cultivated and sometimes naturalized in many warm-temperate and tropical parts of the world. Because of its extensive cultivation and tendency to become naturalized in disturbed habitats, its original wild distribution is uncertain.

It is used medicinally, for industrial oil material, and for timber.