大豆Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.

别名：soybean;黑大豆;乌豆;菽;青豆;秣食豆;毛豆;黄大豆;黑豆;干白平芽;豆子;豆卷;大豆黄卷;希日-宝日其格;算食豆;大豆卷;香鼓;黄豆;黑黄豆;黑皮青豆;青仁乌豆;泥豆;毛花绣线菊;豆料豆;白豆;淡豆鼓;[禾鲁]豆;黄豆苗;黄卷皮;淡鼓;野大豆;

科名：豆科 Leguminosae

属名：大豆属 Glycine

《中国植物志》第41卷234页
  1. 大豆（本草经）　菽〔诗经），黄豆（通称）　图版58: 1-10
  Glycine max (Linn.) Merr. Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amb. 274. 1917; 中国主要植物图说·豆科 651. 图632. 1955;广州植物志 366. 1956; 海南植物志 2: 299. 1965; 中国高等植物图鉴 2: 493, 图2715. 1972; 东北草本植物志 5: 161. 1976; 台湾植物志 3: 294. 1977; Thuan. in Aubrev. Fl. Camb. Laos Vietn. 17:58. 1979. ——Phaseolus max Linn. Sp. Pl. 725. 1753. ——Dolichos soja Linn. op. cit. 727. 1753; Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 441. 1790. ——Soja hispida Moench, Meth. Pl. 153. 1794. ——Glycine hispida (Moench) Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 18: 398. 1873. ——Soja max (Linn.) Piper in Journ. Amer. Soc. Agron. 6: 84. 1914. ——Glycine soja auct. non Sieb. et Zucc.: Baker in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 184. 1876; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine. 2: 398. 1916; Merr. in Trans. Amer. Philip Soc. 24(2): 208. 1935.
  一年生草本，高30-90厘米。茎粗壮，直立，或上部近缠绕状，上部多少具棱，密被褐色长硬毛。叶通常具3小叶；托叶宽卵形，渐尖，长3-7毫米，具脉纹，被黄色柔毛；叶柄长2-20厘米，幼嫩时散生疏柔毛或具棱并被长硬毛；小叶纸质，宽卵形，近圆形或椭圆状披针形，顶生一枚较大，长5-12厘米，宽2.5-8厘米，先端渐尖或近圆形，稀有钝形，具小尖凸，基部宽楔形或圆形，侧生小叶较小，斜卵形，通常两面散生糙毛或下面无毛；侧脉每边5条；小托叶铍针形，长1-2毫米；小叶柄长1.5-4毫米，被黄褐色长硬毛。总状花序短的少花，长的多花；总花梗长10-35毫米或更长，通常有5-8朵无柄、紧挤的花，植株下部的花有时单生或成对生于叶腋间；苞片披针形，长2-3毫米，被糙伏毛；小苞片披针形，长2-3毫米，被伏贴的刚毛；花萼长4-6毫米，密被长硬毛或糙伏毛，常深裂成二唇形，裂片5，披针形，上部2裂片常合生至中部以上，下部3裂片分离，均密被白色长柔毛，花紫色、淡紫色或白色，长4.5-8(-10)毫米，旗瓣倒卵状近圆形，先端微凹并通常外反，基部具瓣柄，翼瓣蓖状，基部狭，具瓣柄和耳，龙骨瓣斜倒卵形，具短瓣柄；雄蕊二体；子房基部有不发达的腺体，被毛。荚果肥大，长圆形，稍弯，下垂，黄绿色，长4-7.5厘米，宽8-15毫米，密被褐黄色长毛；种子2-5颗，椭圆形、近球形，卵圆形至长圆形，长约1厘米，宽约5-8毫米，种皮光滑，淡绿、黄、褐和黑色等多样，因品种而异，种脐明显，椭圆形。花期6-7月，果期7-9月。
  原产我国。全国各地均有栽培，以东北最著名，亦广泛栽培于世界各地。
  大豆是我国重要粮食作物之一，已有五千年栽培历史，通常被认为是由[豆劳]豆 Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc. 驯化而来，现知约有1000个栽培品种。▽大豆含脂肪约20%，蛋白质约40%，还含有丰富的维生素，富含营养，除供直接食用外，可作酱、酱油和各种豆制食品；茎、叶、豆粕及粗豆粉作肥料和优良的牲畜饲料。豆粕经加工制成的组织蛋白、浓缩蛋白、分离蛋白和纤维蛋白可为多种食品，如人造肉、干酪素、味精及造纸、塑胶工业、人造纤维、火药等的原料。豆油除主要供食用外，并为润滑油、油漆、肥皂、瓷釉、人造橡胶、防腐剂等重要原料。榨油后的下脚料可提出许多重要产品，如用于食品工业的磷脂以及利用豆甾醇、谷甾醇为医药工业取得廉价的甾醇激素原料。大豆在工业上用途约有500种以上。此外药用有滋补养心、祛风明目、清热利水、活血解毒等功效。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 10 (2010)
Glycine max  (Linnaeus) Merrill Interpr. Herb. Amboin. 274. 1917.
大豆   da dou
Phaseolus max Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 725. 1753; Dolichos soja Linnaeus; Glycine angustifolia Miquel; G. hispida (Moench) Maximowicz; Soja angustifolia Miquel; S. hispida Moench; S. japonica Savi; S. max (Linnaeus) Piper; S. viridis Savi.
Herbs annual, 0.3-0.9 m tall. Stems robust, erect, some-times ± twining at apex, ± ribbed, densely brown hirsute. Leaves usually pinnately 3-foliolate; stipules broadly ovate, 3-7 mm, acuminate, densely yellow villous; petiole 2-20 cm, sparsely pubescent or hirsute when young; stipels lanceolate, 1-2 mm; petiolules 1.5-4 mm, hirsute; leaflets papery, broadly ovate, al-most circular, or elliptic-lanceolate, terminal one larger, 5-12 × 2.5-8 cm, base broadly cuneate or rounded, apex acuminate or ± rounded, mucronate; lateral leaflets smaller, obliquely ovate. Raceme short or long; peduncle 1-3.5 cm; bracts lanceolate, 2-3 mm, strigose. Flowers few to many, those on lower part of stem sometimes solitary or 1 pair between 2 axils; bracteoles lanceolate, 2-3 mm, hirsute. Calyx 4-6 mm, densely long hir-sute and strigose, usually 2-lipped; lobes 5, lanceolate, upper 2 connate to above middle, lower 3 separate, all densely white villous. Corolla purple, light purple, or white, 4.5-8(-10) mm; standard obovate-suborbicular, base clawed, apex slightly emar-ginate and usually reflexed; wings crenate, base narrow, with claws and auricles; keels obliquely obovate, with short claws. Ovary with undeveloped glands at base, hairy. Legume succu-lent, oblong, slightly curved, pendulous, 40-75 × 8-15 mm, densely silky hairy. Seeds 2-5, elliptic, suborbicular, or ovate to oblong, ca. 10 × 5-8 mm, many colored; testa smooth; hilum obvious, elliptic. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = 40.
Cultivated throughout China [now cultivated throughout temper-ate and tropical regions].
It has been estimated that Glycine max, soybean, provides ca. 35% of human protein (X. Bao et al., FAO/IBPGR Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 94/95: 1-3. 1993). It is also an important source of oil and used extensively industrially.It has been estimated that Glycine max, soybean, provides ca. 35% of human protein (X. Bao et al., FAO/IBPGR Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 94/95: 1-3. 1993). It is also an important source of oil and used extensively industrially.