黄海棠Hypericum ascyron Linn.
黄海棠Hypericum ascyron Linn.
32.黄海棠（中国经济植物志）牛心菜、山辣椒（辽宁），大叶金丝桃（甘肃），救牛草（陕西），八宝茶（山西），水黄花（河北），金丝蝴蝶（内蒙古、河北），大金雀、大叶牛心菜（山东），六安茶（江苏），降龙草（安徽），连翘（河北、贵州、台湾），鸡蛋花（云南），对月草、禁宫花（四川），红旱莲（江西、宁夏），湖南连翘（植物名实图考）图版8：1-3
Hypericum ascyron Linn. Sp. Pl. 783. 1753; Choisy in DC. Prodr. 1: 545. 1824; Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 2?: 430. 1882; Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 23: 72. 1886; Franch. in Bull. Soc. Sot. France 33: 436. 1886 et Pl. Delav. 102. 1889; R. Keller in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 33: 550. 1904; Kom. Fl. Mash. 3: 40. 1905; Levl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 592. 1907; Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosa 1: 77. 1911; Prain in Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 140: t. 8557. 1914; Hand. -Mazz. symb. Sin. 7: 401. 1931; Kom. et A1is. Key Pl. Far. East. Reg. USSR 2: 748, t. 230. 1932; Kitag. Lineam. Pl. Mansh. 317. 1939: Gorschk. in Schischk. et Bobr. Fl. URSS 15: 212, tab. 9, fig. 2. l949: Y. Kimura in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 54: 87. 1940 et in Nakai ＆ Honda, Nova Fl. Japon. 10: 118, f. 43. 1951; Ohwi, Fl. Jap. 779. 1953; 东北植物检索表224, pl. 71, f. 2. 1959; Lauener in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 27: 1. 1966; 中国高等植物图鉴2: 875, f. 3479. 1972;台湾植物志2; 628.1976; 东北草本植物志6; 71, pl. 27, f. 1-7. 1977. ——H. ascyron Linn. var. genuinum Maxim. Primit. Fl. Amur. : 65. 1859. ——H. ascyron Llnn. var. longtstylum Maxlm. in Primit. Fl. Amur. : 65. 1859. ——H. gebleri ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3: 364. 1831; Kom. Fl. Mansh. 3: 42. 1905. ——H. ascyron Linn. var. brevistyglum Maxim. in Mem. Acad. Sc. Petersb. 9: 65. 1859. ——H. ascyon Linn. var. micropetalum R. Kelley in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: 638. 1897. ——H. ascyron Line. var. umbellatum R. Kelley in Engl. Bot.Jahrb. 33: 550. 1904. 1907. ——H. ascyron Linn. var. giraldii R. Kelley in Engl.Bot. Jahrb. 33: 550. 1904. ——H. ascyron Linn. var. punctatostriatum R. Keller in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 33: 550. 1904. ——H. longifolium Levl. in Bull. Soc. Agric. Sci. Arts Sarthe 39: 322. 1904, in Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. 6: 375. 1909 et Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 199. 1914, pro parte; Rehd. in Journ. Arn. Arb.15: 101. 1934. ——H. hemsleyanum levl. et Van. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 592. 1907; Lauener in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 27: 3. 1966, syn. nov. a descr.
多年生草本，高0.5-1.3米。茎直立或在基部上升，单一或数茎丛生，不分枝或上部具分枝，有时于叶腋抽出小枝条，茎及枝条幼时具4棱，后明显具4纵线棱。叶无柄，叶片披针形、长圆状披针形、或长圆状卵形至椭圆形、或狭长圆形，长（2-）4-10厘米，宽(0.4-)1-2.7(3.5)厘米，先端渐尖、锐尖或钝形，基部楔形或心形而抱茎，全缘，坚纸质，上面绿色，下面通常淡绿色且散布淡色腺点，中脉、侧脉及近边缘脉下面明显，脉网较密。花序具1-35花，顶生，近伞房状至狭圆锥状，后者包括多数分枝。花直径（2.5-）3-8厘米，平展或外反；花蕾卵珠形，先端圆形或钝形；花梗长0.5-3厘米。萼片卵形或披针形至椭圆形或长圆形，长（3-） 5-15 (-25)毫米，宽1.5-7毫米，先端锐尖至钝形，全缘，结果时直立。花瓣金黄色，倒披针形，长1.5-4 厘米，宽0.5-2厘米，十分弯曲，具腺斑或无腺斑，宿存。雄蕊极多数，5束，每束有雄蕊约30枚，花药金黄色，具松脂状腺点。子房宽卵珠形至狭卵珠状三角形，长4-7(-9）毫米，5室，具中央空腔；花柱5，长为子房的1/2至为其2倍，自基部或至上部4/5处分离。蒴果为或宽或狭的卵珠形或卵珠状三角形，长0.9-2.2厘米，宽0.5-1.2厘米，棕褐色，成熟后先端5裂，柱头常折落。种子棕色或黄褐色，圆柱形，微弯，长1-1.5毫米，有明显的龙骨状突起或狭翅和细的蜂窝纹。花期7-8月，果期8-9月。
除新疆及青海外，全国各地均产。生于山坡林下、林缘、灌丛间、草丛或草甸中、溪旁及河岸湿地等处，也有广为庭园栽培的，海拔0-2800米。苏联（阿尔泰至堪察加及库页岛）、朝鲜、日本、越南北部、美国东北部及其近邻的加拿大也有。模式标本采自栽植于瑞典乌普萨拉的植株。
全草药用，主治吐血、子宫出血、外伤出血、疮疖痈肿、风湿、痢疾以及月经不调等症；种子泡酒服，可治胃病，并可解毒和排脓。全草也是烤胶原料。此外民间有用叶作茶叶代用品饮用。也可供观赏。
本种变异很大，特别是花的大小和排列方式、萼片大小和形状、以及花柱的长短和分离的程度在不同的居群中或甚至在同一居群中变异幅度都比较大，但这些变异都表现出连续的性质和没有任何地理上的依赖性，因此难于以此作为区分种或种下等级的依据。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Hypericum ascyron Linnaeus
黄海棠 huang hai tang
Herbs, perennial, 0.5-1.3(-2) m tall, erect or sometimes ascending from short creeping base; stems single or few, cespitose, unbranched or branched above or nearly throughout. Stems 4-angled when young, becoming 4-lined or occasionally internodes 2-lined below. Leaves sessile; blade lanceolate or ± narrowly ovate or oblong or elliptic to oblong-linear or oblanceolate, (3-)4-9.7(-12) × (0.4-)0.7-3.5(-4) cm, thickly papery, abaxially rather paler but not glaucous; laminar glands dense, unequal dots or short streaks; intramarginal glands dense; main lateral veins 4-7-paired, tertiary reticulation dense, often obscure; base cuneate to cordate-amplexicaul, apex acute to subapiculate or obtuse (or lowermost rarely rounded). Inflorescence 1- to ca. 35-flowered from 1-5 nodes, the whole nearly flat-topped to narrowly pyramidal, sometimes with flowering branches from up to 4 nodes below; bracts and bracteoles leaflike but smaller and often broader, more rarely linear-lanceolate and deciduous. Flowers 3-7(-8) cm in diam., stellate with petals spreading to reflexed; buds broadly to narrowly ovoid, apex rounded to subacute. Sepals free, erect, oblong to elliptic or ovate to ovate-lanceolate or obovate, subequal to unequal, the outer ones sometimes leaflike, (0.3-)0.5-1.5 cm × (1.5-)2-7(-10) mm; laminar glands lines, distally interrupted to streaks; marginal glands spaced, small, margin entire, apex rounded to obtuse or rarely subacuminate to acute; veins 11-17. Petals bright (to ?golden) yellow, sometimes tinged red in bud, obovate or oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, often somewhat spatulate to subunguiculate, strongly curved to nearly straight, 1.4-4.1 × 0.5-2 cm, 2-3 × as long as sepals or shorter when sepals leaflike; laminar glands lines to short streaks; marginal glands absent; margin entire, apex rounded or obtuse to rarely acute to acuminate; apiculus short and rounded or absent. Stamen fascicles (?4 or)5, each with ca. 30 stamens, longest 0.9-2.5 cm, 0.4-0.67 × as long as petals. Ovary broadly ovoid to narrowly ovoid-pyramidal or ellipsoid; styles (4 or)5, 2.5-15 mm, 0.5-2 × as long as ovary, free or up to 0.8 coherent or connate; stigmas broadly capitate to funnel-shaped. Capsule broadly to narrowly ovoid or ovoid-pyramidal or rarely narrowly cylindric, 0.9-2.2(-3) cm × 5-13 mm, 2-3 × as long as sepals, apex obtuse to rounded. Seeds dark red-brown to yellow-brown, 1-1.5 mm, deeply carinate or narrowly winged, sometimes with slight terminal expansion; testa densely shallowly linear-reticulate. Fl. Jun-Sep, fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 16, 18, 20, 22 (usually 18).
Moist to dry meadows, grassy or rocky slopes, sometimes in forests or among scrub, streamsides and river banks; sea level to 2800(-3600) m. Throughout China except Xizang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Altai to Kamchatka and Kurile Islands, Sakhalin), Vietnam; North America (E Canada, NE United States)].
Hypericum ascyron is a highly variable species or species complex with a very wide distribution. Although several variants have been recognized as varieties or even species, the variation appears to be nearly continuous.
The most frequently distinguished taxon has been Hypericum gebleri, which most Russian authors have recognized, as it occurs throughout most of S Siberia along with larger-flowered, less-branched forms and is present alone in Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands, and Sakhalin. On the other hand, Chinese authors have tended to include it in H. ascyron, because intermediate forms occur in the north. The North American population, too, was recognized early at species level but none of the characters said to distinguish it appears to be constant.
Under these circumstances, it seems best to distinguish the N Asian Hypericum gebleri and the North American H. pyramidatum Aiton as subspecies (see Robson, Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 31: 37-88. 2001). It seems impossible to recognize the long-styled (mainly large-flowered and northern) plants and the narrow-fruited, C Chinese ones (respectively var. longistylum and var. giraldii [var. hupehense]) as distinct taxa, as both represent extremes of continuous variation. Likewise, the narrow-leaved, small-flowered form from S China (misidentified as var. angustifolium Y. Kimura) merges with more typical forms.
科名：藤黄科 Guttiferae
属名：金丝桃属 Hypericum
32.黄海棠（中国经济植物志）牛心菜、山辣椒（辽宁），大叶金丝桃（甘肃），救牛草（陕西），八宝茶（山西），水黄花（河北），金丝蝴蝶（内蒙古、河北），大金雀、大叶牛心菜（山东），六安茶（江苏），降龙草（安徽），连翘（河北、贵州、台湾），鸡蛋花（云南），对月草、禁宫花（四川），红旱莲（江西、宁夏），湖南连翘（植物名实图考）图版8：1-3
Hypericum ascyron Linn. Sp. Pl. 783. 1753; Choisy in DC. Prodr. 1: 545. 1824; Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 2?: 430. 1882; Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 23: 72. 1886; Franch. in Bull. Soc. Sot. France 33: 436. 1886 et Pl. Delav. 102. 1889; R. Keller in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 33: 550. 1904; Kom. Fl. Mash. 3: 40. 1905; Levl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 592. 1907; Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosa 1: 77. 1911; Prain in Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 140: t. 8557. 1914; Hand. -Mazz. symb. Sin. 7: 401. 1931; Kom. et A1is. Key Pl. Far. East. Reg. USSR 2: 748, t. 230. 1932; Kitag. Lineam. Pl. Mansh. 317. 1939: Gorschk. in Schischk. et Bobr. Fl. URSS 15: 212, tab. 9, fig. 2. l949: Y. Kimura in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 54: 87. 1940 et in Nakai ＆ Honda, Nova Fl. Japon. 10: 118, f. 43. 1951; Ohwi, Fl. Jap. 779. 1953; 东北植物检索表224, pl. 71, f. 2. 1959; Lauener in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 27: 1. 1966; 中国高等植物图鉴2: 875, f. 3479. 1972;台湾植物志2; 628.1976; 东北草本植物志6; 71, pl. 27, f. 1-7. 1977. ——H. ascyron Linn. var. genuinum Maxim. Primit. Fl. Amur. : 65. 1859. ——H. ascyron Llnn. var. longtstylum Maxlm. in Primit. Fl. Amur. : 65. 1859. ——H. gebleri ledeb. Fl. Alt. 3: 364. 1831; Kom. Fl. Mansh. 3: 42. 1905. ——H. ascyron Linn. var. brevistyglum Maxim. in Mem. Acad. Sc. Petersb. 9: 65. 1859. ——H. ascyon Linn. var. micropetalum R. Kelley in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 5: 638. 1897. ——H. ascyron Line. var. umbellatum R. Kelley in Engl. Bot.Jahrb. 33: 550. 1904. 1907. ——H. ascyron Linn. var. giraldii R. Kelley in Engl.Bot. Jahrb. 33: 550. 1904. ——H. ascyron Linn. var. punctatostriatum R. Keller in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 33: 550. 1904. ——H. longifolium Levl. in Bull. Soc. Agric. Sci. Arts Sarthe 39: 322. 1904, in Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. 6: 375. 1909 et Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 199. 1914, pro parte; Rehd. in Journ. Arn. Arb.15: 101. 1934. ——H. hemsleyanum levl. et Van. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 592. 1907; Lauener in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 27: 3. 1966, syn. nov. a descr.
多年生草本，高0.5-1.3米。茎直立或在基部上升，单一或数茎丛生，不分枝或上部具分枝，有时于叶腋抽出小枝条，茎及枝条幼时具4棱，后明显具4纵线棱。叶无柄，叶片披针形、长圆状披针形、或长圆状卵形至椭圆形、或狭长圆形，长（2-）4-10厘米，宽(0.4-)1-2.7(3.5)厘米，先端渐尖、锐尖或钝形，基部楔形或心形而抱茎，全缘，坚纸质，上面绿色，下面通常淡绿色且散布淡色腺点，中脉、侧脉及近边缘脉下面明显，脉网较密。花序具1-35花，顶生，近伞房状至狭圆锥状，后者包括多数分枝。花直径（2.5-）3-8厘米，平展或外反；花蕾卵珠形，先端圆形或钝形；花梗长0.5-3厘米。萼片卵形或披针形至椭圆形或长圆形，长（3-） 5-15 (-25)毫米，宽1.5-7毫米，先端锐尖至钝形，全缘，结果时直立。花瓣金黄色，倒披针形，长1.5-4 厘米，宽0.5-2厘米，十分弯曲，具腺斑或无腺斑，宿存。雄蕊极多数，5束，每束有雄蕊约30枚，花药金黄色，具松脂状腺点。子房宽卵珠形至狭卵珠状三角形，长4-7(-9）毫米，5室，具中央空腔；花柱5，长为子房的1/2至为其2倍，自基部或至上部4/5处分离。蒴果为或宽或狭的卵珠形或卵珠状三角形，长0.9-2.2厘米，宽0.5-1.2厘米，棕褐色，成熟后先端5裂，柱头常折落。种子棕色或黄褐色，圆柱形，微弯，长1-1.5毫米，有明显的龙骨状突起或狭翅和细的蜂窝纹。花期7-8月，果期8-9月。
除新疆及青海外，全国各地均产。生于山坡林下、林缘、灌丛间、草丛或草甸中、溪旁及河岸湿地等处，也有广为庭园栽培的，海拔0-2800米。苏联（阿尔泰至堪察加及库页岛）、朝鲜、日本、越南北部、美国东北部及其近邻的加拿大也有。模式标本采自栽植于瑞典乌普萨拉的植株。
全草药用，主治吐血、子宫出血、外伤出血、疮疖痈肿、风湿、痢疾以及月经不调等症；种子泡酒服，可治胃病，并可解毒和排脓。全草也是烤胶原料。此外民间有用叶作茶叶代用品饮用。也可供观赏。
本种变异很大，特别是花的大小和排列方式、萼片大小和形状、以及花柱的长短和分离的程度在不同的居群中或甚至在同一居群中变异幅度都比较大，但这些变异都表现出连续的性质和没有任何地理上的依赖性，因此难于以此作为区分种或种下等级的依据。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Hypericum ascyron Linnaeus
黄海棠 huang hai tang
Herbs, perennial, 0.5-1.3(-2) m tall, erect or sometimes ascending from short creeping base; stems single or few, cespitose, unbranched or branched above or nearly throughout. Stems 4-angled when young, becoming 4-lined or occasionally internodes 2-lined below. Leaves sessile; blade lanceolate or ± narrowly ovate or oblong or elliptic to oblong-linear or oblanceolate, (3-)4-9.7(-12) × (0.4-)0.7-3.5(-4) cm, thickly papery, abaxially rather paler but not glaucous; laminar glands dense, unequal dots or short streaks; intramarginal glands dense; main lateral veins 4-7-paired, tertiary reticulation dense, often obscure; base cuneate to cordate-amplexicaul, apex acute to subapiculate or obtuse (or lowermost rarely rounded). Inflorescence 1- to ca. 35-flowered from 1-5 nodes, the whole nearly flat-topped to narrowly pyramidal, sometimes with flowering branches from up to 4 nodes below; bracts and bracteoles leaflike but smaller and often broader, more rarely linear-lanceolate and deciduous. Flowers 3-7(-8) cm in diam., stellate with petals spreading to reflexed; buds broadly to narrowly ovoid, apex rounded to subacute. Sepals free, erect, oblong to elliptic or ovate to ovate-lanceolate or obovate, subequal to unequal, the outer ones sometimes leaflike, (0.3-)0.5-1.5 cm × (1.5-)2-7(-10) mm; laminar glands lines, distally interrupted to streaks; marginal glands spaced, small, margin entire, apex rounded to obtuse or rarely subacuminate to acute; veins 11-17. Petals bright (to ?golden) yellow, sometimes tinged red in bud, obovate or oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, often somewhat spatulate to subunguiculate, strongly curved to nearly straight, 1.4-4.1 × 0.5-2 cm, 2-3 × as long as sepals or shorter when sepals leaflike; laminar glands lines to short streaks; marginal glands absent; margin entire, apex rounded or obtuse to rarely acute to acuminate; apiculus short and rounded or absent. Stamen fascicles (?4 or)5, each with ca. 30 stamens, longest 0.9-2.5 cm, 0.4-0.67 × as long as petals. Ovary broadly ovoid to narrowly ovoid-pyramidal or ellipsoid; styles (4 or)5, 2.5-15 mm, 0.5-2 × as long as ovary, free or up to 0.8 coherent or connate; stigmas broadly capitate to funnel-shaped. Capsule broadly to narrowly ovoid or ovoid-pyramidal or rarely narrowly cylindric, 0.9-2.2(-3) cm × 5-13 mm, 2-3 × as long as sepals, apex obtuse to rounded. Seeds dark red-brown to yellow-brown, 1-1.5 mm, deeply carinate or narrowly winged, sometimes with slight terminal expansion; testa densely shallowly linear-reticulate. Fl. Jun-Sep, fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 16, 18, 20, 22 (usually 18).
Moist to dry meadows, grassy or rocky slopes, sometimes in forests or among scrub, streamsides and river banks; sea level to 2800(-3600) m. Throughout China except Xizang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Altai to Kamchatka and Kurile Islands, Sakhalin), Vietnam; North America (E Canada, NE United States)].
Hypericum ascyron is a highly variable species or species complex with a very wide distribution. Although several variants have been recognized as varieties or even species, the variation appears to be nearly continuous.
The most frequently distinguished taxon has been Hypericum gebleri, which most Russian authors have recognized, as it occurs throughout most of S Siberia along with larger-flowered, less-branched forms and is present alone in Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands, and Sakhalin. On the other hand, Chinese authors have tended to include it in H. ascyron, because intermediate forms occur in the north. The North American population, too, was recognized early at species level but none of the characters said to distinguish it appears to be constant.
Under these circumstances, it seems best to distinguish the N Asian Hypericum gebleri and the North American H. pyramidatum Aiton as subspecies (see Robson, Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 31: 37-88. 2001). It seems impossible to recognize the long-styled (mainly large-flowered and northern) plants and the narrow-fruited, C Chinese ones (respectively var. longistylum and var. giraldii [var. hupehense]) as distinct taxa, as both represent extremes of continuous variation. Likewise, the narrow-leaved, small-flowered form from S China (misidentified as var. angustifolium Y. Kimura) merges with more typical forms.