紫竹Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd.) Munro

别名：毛坯竹;紫竹秆;黑竹;金竹;乌竹;淡竹;观音竹;簵;水竹子;乌竹仔;油竹;竹茹;墨竹;菌;black bamboo;

科名：禾本科 Gramineae

属名：刚竹属 Phyllostachys

《中国植物志》第9(1)卷288页
  30.紫竹（李衎竹谱详录）
  Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd.ex Lindl.) Munro in Tran. Linn.Soc.26:38.1868;陈嵘,中国树木分类学81页.1937;McClure in Agr. Handb. USDA No. 114: 45, ff. 34,35. 1957;中国主要植物图说·禾本科105页.图75. 1959;华东禾本科植物志46页.图14. 1962;秦岭植物志1 (1):64页. 1976;江苏植物志,上册158页,图249. 1977; Fl.Taiwan 5:730. pl. 1493. 1978;S. Suzuki,Ind. Jap. Bambusac. 5 (f. 5-1),78,79 (pl. 5),337. 1978;香港竹谱71页.1985;广西竹种及其栽培129页.图69. 1987;中国竹谱73页.1988;云南树木图志下册,1460页,图688. 1991.——Bambusa nigra Lodd. ex Lindl.,Penny Cyclop. 3:357. 1835.——Phyllostachys nana Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36: 441 1904.——P. puberula (Miq.) Munro var. nigra(Lodd.) H. de Leh. in Act. Congr. Int. Bot. Brux. 2: 223. 1910.——P. nigripes Hayata,Icon. Pl. Form. 6: 142. f. 53. 1916.——P. filifera McClure in Lingnan Univ. Sci. Bull. No. 9:42. 1940.
形态特征：灌木状或小乔木状，高7-18米。地下茎横走，节间长2-4厘米，直径约1厘米，节上有芽和须根。秆直立，直径约2厘米，中空部分直径约1厘米，秆环及箨环均隆起。箨鞘背面无毛或上部稍有细毛，黄绿色至淡黄色，并有灰黑色斑点和条纹；箨鞘顶端有箨叶和箨耳；叶互生，狭披针形，质薄质，淡绿色无毛；叶鞘长2-3厘米，鞘口无毛；叶舌长0.5-1毫米。穗状花序；花枝具叶，含有多数小穗 ，基部托被4-6佛焰苞；每小穗有花2-3朵，顶端的花常退化；花两性，颖1-2片，长8-10毫米，有细柔毛；外稃膜质，先端尖，有细毛；内稃长1.2-1.5厘米；鳞被1-3或缺，披针状，无毛；雄蕊3枚，花丝细长；子房上位，尖卵状；花柱丝状，柱头3，长约5毫米。花期4-5月，果期6-7月。
分    布：各地均有
生    境：山坡或住宅附近
繁殖方式：分株
习    性：阳生
药用部位：茎杆的中间层
药用功能：解毒利尿、狂犬病
药用主治：用于烦热呕吐、肺热咳喘、吐血、衄血、妊娠呕吐、百日咳、急性胃肠炎等。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 22 (2006)
Phyllostachys nigra  (Loddiges ex Lindley) Munro
紫竹   zi zhu
Culms 4–8(–10) m, to 5 cm or more in diam.; internodes green or gradually developing purple-brown to black spots or turning uniform purple-brown or black, 25–30 cm, initially white powdery, densely puberulent; wall ca. 3 mm thick; nodal ridge slightly more prominent than or equaling sheath scar; sheath scar initially brown hairy on margin. Culm sheaths red-brown, sometimes tinged with green, unmarked or densely extremely minutely and imperceptibly dark brown spotted, spots aggregating into a distal dark brown patch, thinly white powdery, brown strigose; auricles and oral setae well developed, purple-black; ligule purple, arcuate to acutely so, long ciliate; blade erect or gradually deflexed, green or tinged with purple on both sides, triangular to triangular-lanceolate, navicular, ± wavy. Leaves 2 or 3 per ultimate branch; auricles weak or absent; oral setae deciduous; ligule slightly exserted; blade thin, 7–10 × ca. 1.2 cm. Flowering branchlets shortly spicate, 3.5–5 cm, scaly bracts 4–8. Spathes 4–6, glabrous or puberulous; auricles absent; oral setae few or absent; blade usually subulate or ovate-lanceolate, small. Pseudospikelets 1–3 per spathe. Spikelets lanceolate, 1.5–2 cm; florets 2 or 3. Glumes (absent or)1–3, abaxially ± distally pubescent; rachilla pubescent; lemma 1.2–1.5 cm, densely pubescent; palea shorter than lemma. Anthers ca. 8 mm. Stigmas 3. New shoots late Apr, fl. May.
* Open forests on slopes and in valleys; 1100–1200 m. S Hunan, widely cultivated elsewhere in China [introduced in many other countries].
This species has a very extensive synonymy, as is often the case with such popular garden plants. At the time of writing, W. D. Clayton lists a total of 79 synonyms in his grass synonymy database.