栏目

稷Panicum miliaceum Linn.

稷Panicum miliaceum Linn.

别名:broomcorn millet;proso millet;艹/广/林/黍;(艹/广/林/黍)子;野黍;艹糜;糜子;黍;糜;黍米;黄米;稷黍;黍子;黍稷;穈子;囊给-阿木;縻子;蒙古乐-阿木;稷米;

科名:禾本科 Gramineae

属名:黍属 Panicum

《中国植物志》第10(1)卷202页
  3.稷(本草纲目)黍(本草纲目),糜(毕氏:中国植物学)图版60:1-10
  Panicum miliaceum L. Sp. Pl. ed. 1. 58. 1753: Hayata, Icon. Pl. Form. 7: 61. 1918; Honda in Journ. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo Sect. III. Bot. 3:248. 1930; Ohwi in Acta Phytotax. et Geobot. 11: 46. 1942;中国主要植物图说 禾本科656. 图596. 1959; Bor, Grass. Burm. Ceyl. Ind. Pakist. 327. 2960;华东禾本科植物志182. 图119 1962; 兰州植物通志52. 图29. 1962; Hsu in Journ. Jap. Bot. 38(3): 81. 1963, 台湾的禾草559. 图174. 1975: 台湾植物志5: 576. 1978; 中国高等植物图鉴5: 158. 图7146. 1976; 江苏植物志 (上册): 216. 图369. 1977; 海南植物志4: 406. 1977.
  一年生栽培草本。秆粗壮,直立,高40-120厘米,单生或少数丛生,有时有分枝,节密被髭毛,节下被疣基毛。叶鞘松弛,被疣基毛;叶舌膜质,长约1毫米,顶端具长约2毫米的睫毛;叶片线形或线状披针形,长10-30厘米,宽5-20毫米,两面具疣基的长柔毛或无毛,顶端渐尖,基部近圆形,边缘常粗糙。圆锥花序开展或较紧密,成熟时下垂,长10-30厘米,分枝粗或纤细,具棱槽,边缘具糙刺毛,下部裸露,上部密生小枝与小穗;小穗卵状椭圆形,长4-5毫米;颖纸质,无毛,第一颖正三角形,长约为小穗的1/2-2/3,顶端尖或锥尖,通常具5-7脉;第二颖与小穗等长,通常具11脉,其脉顶端渐汇合呈喙状;第一外稃形似第二颖,具11-13脉;内稃透明膜质,短小,长1.5-2毫米,顶端微凹或深2裂;第二小花长约3毫米,成熟后因品种不同,而有黄、乳白、褐、红和黑等色;第二外稃背部圆形,平滑,具7脉,内稃具2脉;鳞被较发育,长0.4-0.5毫米,宽约0.7毫米,多脉,并由1级脉分出次级脉。胚乳长为谷粒的1/2,种脐点状,黑色。染色体2n=36(AB-дулов1931),40(Church.,1929)。花果期7-10月。
  我国西北、华北、西南、东北、华南以及华东等地山区都有栽培,新疆偶见有野生状的。亚洲、欧洲、美洲、非洲等温暖地区都有栽培。
  本种为人类最早的栽培谷物之一,谷粒富含淀粉,供食用或酿酒,秆叶可为牲畜饲料。由于长期栽培选育,品种繁多,大体分为粘或不粘两类,本草纲目称粘者为黍,不粘者为稷;民间又将粘的称黍,不粘的称糜。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 22 (2006)
Panicum miliaceum  Linnaeus
稷   ji
Annual. Culms robust, 20–150 cm tall, glabrous or lower nodes and internodes pubescent or hispid. Leaves cauline; leaf sheaths hispid; leaf blades linear or narrowly lanceolate, 15–40 × 1–2.5 cm, glabrous to pilose or hispid, base cordate to amplexicaul, apex finely tapering; ligule 1.5–3 mm, a fringe of hairs from a membranous base. Panicle oblong to ovate in outline, 15–35 cm, drooping at maturity with the weight of the dense spikelets which are clustered toward the ends of the branches. Spikelets ovate to ovate-oblong, 4–5 mm, glabrous, acute to acuminate; lower glume ovate, 1/2–3/4 length of spikelet, 5-veined, acute or acuminate, separated by a short internode; upper glume equal to spikelet, 9–13-veined, acute or acuminate; lower floret barren, lemma similar to upper glume, palea reduced or absent; upper floret orange or yellow, smooth, shiny, usually persistent. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 36, 40.
Commonly cultivated, especially in mountainous regions [cultivated in Bhutan, India, Japan, and widely elsewhere].

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