看麦娘Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.

别名：shortawn foxtail;棒棒草;道旁谷;棒槌草;麦陀陀;油草;看表娘;火＋香;看麦娘草;蜡烛草;葸公草;龙爪稷;乌纳根－苏乐;水草;稍草;褐蕊看麦娘;山高粱;三月黄草;牛头猛;麦娘娘;麦娘;

科名：禾本科 Gramineae

属名：看麦娘属 Alopecurus

《中国植物志》第9(3)卷264页
  9．看麦娘（救荒本草）图版64：8-9
  Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. Fl. Petrop. 16. 1799; Rendle in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36: 384. 1904; Ovczinn. in Kom. Fl. URSS 2: 159. 1934; Ohwi, Fl. Japan 84, 1956; 广州植物志797. 1956; 禾本科图说574. 图508. 1959; 江苏南部种子植物手册65. 1959; Bor, Grass. Burma Ceyl. Ind. Pakist. 392. 1960; Tzvel. Poac. URSS 379. 1976;中国高等植物图鉴5:103.图7035.1976;秦岭植物志1(1) : 131.图104. 1976; 江苏植物志 (上) : 206. 图349. 1977. ——Alopecurus aristulatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 43. 1803; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 237. 1897. ——Alopecurus amurensis (Kom.) Kom. in Act. Hort. Prtrop. 20: 272. 1901, (Fl. Mansh.) et in Bull. Jard. Bot. Petersb. 1: 151. 1916; Kitag. Lineam. Fl. Mansh. 59. 1939;刘慎谔等, 东北植物检索表488.图版180: 1. 1959. ——Alopecurus geniculatus var. amurensis (Kom.) Roshev. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Pierre Grand. 14: 54. 1914. ——Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. var. amurensis (Kom.) Ohwi in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 55: 360. 1941; Hitchc. Man. Grass. U. S. 359. f. 505. 1951; Hatusima, Fl. Ryukyus 662. 1971; Hsu in Taiwania 16: 230. 1971; 台湾禾草249.图19. 1976; 台湾植物志5: 402. 图1377. 1978. ——Alopecurus aequalis subsp. amurensis (Kom.) Hult. Circumpol. Pl. 1: 108. 1964. ——Alopecurus aequalis subsp. aristulatus (Michx.) Tzvel. in Arkt. Fl. URSS 2: 36. 1964.
  一年生。秆少数丛生，细瘦，光滑，节处常膝曲，高15-40厘米。叶鞘光滑，短于节间；叶舌膜质，长2-5毫米；叶片扁平，长3-10厘米，宽2-6毫米。圆锥花序圆柱状，灰绿色，长2-7厘米，宽3-6毫米；小穗椭圆形或卵状长圆形，长2-3毫米；颖膜质，基部互相连合，具3脉，脊上有细纤毛，侧脉下部有短毛；外稃膜质，先端钝，等大或稍长于颖，下部边缘互相连合，芒长1.5-3.5毫米，约于稃体下部1/4处伸出，隐藏或稍外露；花药橙黄色，长0.5-0.8毫米。颖果长约1毫米。花果期4-8月。
  产我国大部分省区。生于海拔较低之田边及潮湿之地。在欧亚大陆之寒温和温暖地区与北美也有分布。模式标本采自希腊。
  本种因芒的长短有所变化，常被订为不同的种。实际上芒之长短的变化与植物的生育期相关，而与生长的地区无涉，例如我国东北地区与四川的植物，芒长均在3毫米左右。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 22 (2006)
Alopecurus aequalis  Sobolewski
看麦娘   kan mai niang
Alopecurus aequalis subsp. amurensis (Komarov) HultΘn; A. aequalis var. amurensis (Komarov) Ohwi; A. aequalis subsp. aristulatus (Michaux) Tzvelev; A. aequalis var. aristulatus (Michaux) Tzvelev; A. amurensis Komarov; A. aristulatus Michaux; A. geniculatus var. aequalis (Sobolewski) Paunero.
Annual, loosely tufted. Culms weak, geniculately ascending, occasionally rooting and branching from lower nodes, 15–40 cm tall. Leaf sheaths smooth, glabrous, slightly inflated; leaf blades light green, soft, 3–10 cm, 2–6 mm wide, abaxial surface smooth, glabrous, adaxial surface closely ribbed, scaberulous; ligule 2–5 mm. Panicle narrowly cylindrical, 2–7 cm, pale gray-green. Spikelets elliptic or oblong, 2–3 mm; glumes membranous, smooth, keels ciliate-hispid, lateral veins hispid on lower part, margins connate at base, apices obtuse; lemma equaling or slightly longer than glumes, margins connate below middle, awned from lower 1/4–1/3, apex obtuse; awn included within spikelet or exserted up to 1.2 mm, straight. Anthers orange, 0.5–0.8 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr–Aug. 2n = 14.
Irrigation ditches, rice fields, damp grasslands, other wet weedy places; below 3500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, Japan, Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; SW Asia, Europe, North America].
This is a widespread, semi-aquatic weed of N temperate regions of the world, now introduced to Australia and elsewhere.

East Asian forms tend to have more obvious awns than usual, perhaps due to introgression from Alopecurus longearistatus. Alopec-urus amurensis and A. aristulatus are both based on such forms. A form from South America with glabrous glumes has been separated as A. hitchcockii Parodi. A specimen of this species has been found on waste ground in Chengdu, Sichuan.

《全国中草药汇编》:看麦娘

【别名】 牛头猛、山高粱、道旁谷
【来源】 禾本科看麦娘属植物看麦娘Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.，以全草入药。待茎、叶繁茂时采集，切段晒干。
【性味】 淡，凉。
【功能主治】 利湿消肿，解毒。用于水肿，水痘；外用治小儿腹泻，消化不良。
【用法用量】 3～5钱。外用适量，煎水洗脚。
【摘录】 《全国中草药汇编》