山桐子Idesia polycarpa Maxim.

别名：水冬瓜子;瓜儿木;大叶子胖;水冬桐;斗霜红;豆渣包;丰霜红;乒乓子;商木;野拐枣树;椅;椅树;椅桐;水冬瓜;山梧桐;野桐子;

科名：刺篱木科 Flacourtiaceae

属名：山桐子属 Idesia

《中国植物志》第52(1)卷056页
  1.山桐子（四川）椅（诗经），水冬瓜（亨利氏植物名录），水冬桐（山桐子造林学），椅树（峨眉植物图志），椅桐、斗霜红（庐山）
  Idesia polycarpa Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. Ser. 3, 10: 485. 1866; Carr. in Rev. Hort. 147. fig. 19-20. 1888; Hook. f. in Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 111: t. 6794. 1885; Diels in Bot. Jahrb. 29: 478. 1900; Dunn in Journ. Li nn. Soc. Bot. 39: 456. 1911; Wils. in Sarg. Pl. Wils. 1: 284. 1912; Bean, Trees et Shrubs. 1: 640. 1915; Chun Chin in Icon. Trees 254, fig. 88. 1922; Rehd. et Wils. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 8: 178. 1927; Rehd. Manual Cult. Trees et Shrubs 640. 1927; Merr. in Lingn. Agr. Rev. 4 (2): 131. 1927; W. W. Smith in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 17: 401. 1930; Hand. -Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 383. 1931;陈嵘, 中国树木分类学853,图749. 1937;峨眉植物志1 (2): 图77. 1944; Li, Fl. Woody Taiwan 605, fig. 238. 1963;中国高等植物图鉴2: 605,图3582. 1972;秦岭植物志1 (3): 325, 图248. 1982; Li in Fl. Taiwan 3: 763, pl. 806. 1977; 台湾高等植物彩色图志511.彩图576,图888. 1988;台湾树木志406,图177. 1988; G. S. Fan in Journ. JVuhan Bot. Res. 8 (2): 132. 1990; Li et H. C. Lo, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2. 3: 798. Pl. 404, photo 63. 1993. ——Polycarpa maximowiczii Linden ex Carr. in Rev. Hort. 330, fig. 36. 1868;朝鲜植物图谱424. t. 1270. 1976. -Idesia polycarpavar. latifolia Diels in Bot. Jahrb. 29: 478. 1900.
形态特征：落叶乔木，高约20米。树皮灰白色，不开裂，枝脆，小枝红褐色，有棱角，枝开展而成球形树冠。单叶互生，卵形或卵圆形，长10—20厘米，宽7—14厘米，边缘疏生锯齿，齿端有腺体，上而深绿色，下面灰白色，叶柄长6—15厘米，近基部有2个腺体。花单性，雌雄异株，黄绿色，芳香，
用    途：种子含油量29%，油可供制肥皂或作润滑油，也可作桐油代用品，制油漆。果序大，结实多，便于采收。木材淡红褐色至淡蓝灰色，纹理直，结构细，质较软，易加工，供制板料、木屐等用。秋季果实红色，累累满树，十分好看，可作风景绿化树种。
分    布：产长坊、木鱼坪、下谷坪。
生    境：生于海拔1200——=1500米的沟谷林中。
繁殖方式：播种繁殖。
习    性：喜光喜湿

《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Idesia polycarpa  Maximowicz
山桐子   shan tong zi
Trees, 8-21 m tall; bark grayish, not flaking; branchlets sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Petiole reddish, usually long, (4-)5-15 cm or more, glabrous, base slightly dilated; leaf blade deep green adaxially, broadly ovate, (6-)8-16(-20) × (4-)7-15(-20) cm, thinly leathery, abaxially pruinose, with a small dense patch of hairs at extreme base, elsewhere glabrous, sparsely hairy along veins or pubescent throughout, hairs (except in basal patch) mostly spreading, short, drying whitish or yellowish; adaxially usually glabrous, rarely sparsely hairy along midvein and main veins or throughout, lateral veins ca. 6 pairs, blade usually 5(-7)-veined from base, base cordate, often deeply so, less often rounded, margin serrate, usually coarsely so, apex gradually or more abruptly acuminate. Panicles (13-)20-30 cm; rachis sparsely to more densely pubescent. Flowers unisexual, yellowish green; pedicels 1-1.5 cm, densely pubescent, hairs appressed, yellowish brown, short; bracts lanceolate, 3-10 mm, reducing in size toward apex of rachis, papery, toothed or lobed. Staminate flowers: slightly larger than pistillate ones, 1.2-1.6 cm in diam.; sepals 5-6 × 2-3 mm, ovate to elliptic or slightly obovate, both surfaces densely pubescent, hairs yellowish brown, appressed, short; stamens 5-6 mm; filaments pubescent in lower half, hairs crisped, white when dry; disk glands globose to truncate, small, glabrous. Pistillate flowers: ca. 9 mm in diam.; sepals as in staminate flowers but slightly smaller, 4-5 × ca. 2.5 mm; disk glands globose to truncate, small; ovary superior, globose, glabrous; styles 5 or 6, 0.5-2 mm, joined at base; stigmas 0.5-1 mm in diam. Berry purple-red or orange-red when mature, drying blackish, globose, 8-10 mm in diam., apical scar left by styles pale, circular, flat, small, 0.5-1 mm in diam.; pericarp thin, brittle when dry; stalk 0.6-2 cm. Seeds drying reddish brown or purplish brown, broadly ovoid, 2-3 mm, completely enclosed in a thin, translucent membrane. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Oct-Nov.
Deciduous broad-leaved forests, needle-leaved and broad-leaved mixed forests; 400-3000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
Idesia polycarpa is grown as an ornamental.

《全国中草药汇编》:山桐子

【拼音名】 Shān Tónɡ Zǐ
【别名】 毛桐、臭樟木、大马桑叶
【来源】 大戟科山桐子Mallotus nepalensis Muell.-Arg.，以根、皮入药。
【生境分布】 贵州。
【性味】 辛，平。
【功能主治】 生新解毒。主治骨折，狂犬咬伤，骨结核。
【用法用量】 根1两。皮0.5～1两，煮糯米粥吃。外用适量捣烂敷患处。
【摘录】 《全国中草药汇编》