柯Lithocarpus glaber (Thunb.) Nakai

别名：柯树;青锡;红楮;臭栎树;稠木;椆柯;石头树;珠子栎;槠子;椆;白楣树;石砾;子弹石栎;石柯;石栎;椆木;山杜子;荞麦栗子;柯石栎;

科名：壳斗科 Fagaceae

属名：柯属 Lithocarpus

《中国植物志》第22卷186页
  98. 柯 石栎、椆、珠子栎（江苏）、槠子（江西）图版58: 6
  Lithocarpus glaber (Thunb.) Nakai, Cat. Hort. Bot. Univ. Tokyo 8. 1916; Rehd. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 1: 126. 1919; Hand. -Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7: 31. 1929; A. Camus, Chenes 3: 1006. 1954, Atlas pl. 474, f. 4-20. 1948; 中国高等植物图鉴1: 432, 图864. 1972. ——Quercus glabra Thunb., Fl. Jap. 175. 1784 et Ic. Pl. Jap. 4, t. 5. 1802.——Pasania glabra (Thunb.) Oerst. in Nat. For. Vid. Medd. 18: 83. 1866; Li in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 80: 520. 1953 et Woody Fl. Taiwan 91. 1963;台湾植物志2: 87. 1976. ——Synaedrys glabra (Thunb.) Koidz.in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 30: 195. 1916.——Quercus thalassica Hance in Hook., Kew Journ. 1: 176. 1849. ——Pasania thalassica (Hance) Oerst. in l. c. pro parte. excl. syn. Sieb. et Zucc.——Lithocarpus thalassica (Hance) Rehd. in Bailey. Stand. Cycl. Hort. 6: 3569. 1917. ——Kuromatea glabra (Thunb.) Kudo in Trans. Nat. Hist. Sci. Form. 20: 163. 1930.——-Quercus thalassica Hance var. obtusiglans Dunn in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 38: 366. 1908. ——Q. sieboldiana Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd. -Bat. 1: 290. 1850. ——Pasania sieboldiana (Bl.) Nakai in Jap. Bot. 15: 272. 1939.
  乔木，高15米，胸径40厘米，一年生枝、嫩叶叶柄、叶背及花序轴均密被灰黄色短绒毛，二年生枝的毛较疏且短，常变为污黑色。叶革质或厚纸质，倒卵形、倒卵状椭圆形或长椭圆形，长6-14厘米，宽2.5-5.5厘米，顶部突急尖，短尾状，或长渐尖，基部楔形，上部叶缘有2-4个浅裂齿或全缘，中脉在叶面微凸起，侧脉每边很少多于10条，支脉通常不明显，成长叶背面无毛或几无毛，有较厚的蜡鳞层；叶柄长1-2厘米，雄穗状花序多排成圆锥花序或单穗腋生，长达15厘米；雌花序常着生少数雄花，雌花每3朵、很少5朵一簇，花柱1-1.5毫米。果序轴通常被短柔毛；壳斗碟状或浅碗状，通常上宽下窄的倒三角形，高5-10毫米，宽10-15毫米，顶端边缘甚薄，向下甚增厚，硬木质，小苞片三角形，甚细小，紧贴，覆瓦状排列或连生成圆环，密被灰色微柔毛；坚果椭圆形，高12-25毫米，宽8-15毫米，顶端尖，或长卵形，有淡薄的白色粉霜，暗栗褐色，果脐深达2毫米，口径3-5毫米，很少达8毫米。花期7-11月，果次年同期成熟。
  产秦岭南坡以南各地，但北回归线以南极少见，海南和云南南部不产。生于海拔约1 500米以下坡地杂木林中，阳坡较常见，常因被砍伐，故生成灌木状。日本南部也有。
  树皮褐黑色，不开裂，内皮红棕色，木材的心边材近于同色，干后淡茶褐色，材质颇坚重，结构略粗，纹理直行，不甚耐腐，适作家具，农具等材。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 4 (1999)
Lithocarpus glaber  (Thunberg) Nakai
柯   ke
Quercus glabra Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, 858. 1784; Kuromatea glabra (Thunberg) Kudo; Lithocarpus thalassicus (Hance) Rehder; Pasania glabra (Thunberg) Oersted; P. sieboldiana (Blume) Nakai; P. thalassica (Hance) Oersted; Q. sieboldiana Blume; Q. thalassica Hance; Q. thalassica var. obtusiglans Dunn; Synaedrys glabra (Thunberg) Koidzumi.
Trees to 15 m tall; branchlets and rachis of inflorescences densely tawny tomentose. Petiole 1-2 cm, tomentose when young; leaf blade obovate, obovate-elliptic, or oblong, 6-12 × 2.5-5.5 cm, leathery to thickly papery, abaxially with dense scalelike glands and shortly tomentose when young, base cuneate, margin entire or with 2-4 teeth on apical part, apex abruptly acute, shortly acute, or long acuminate; secondary veins rarely over 10 on each side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially usually not visible. Male inflorescences in a panicle or solitary in leaf axils, to 15 cm. Female inflorescences often with a few male flowers; cupules in clusters of 3(-5). Infructescences ca. 6 cm; rachis usually pubescent. Cupule plate- to cupular, 5-10 mm × 1-1.5 cm, enclosing 1/5-2/5 of nut, wall to 1.5 mm and woody near base; bracts imbricate or connate into concentric rings, triangular, small, appressed, densely puberulent. Nut ellipsoid, 1.2-2.5 × 0.8-1.5 cm, ± white glaucous, apex pointed, wall 0.5-1 mm thick; scar 3-5(-8) mm in diam., concave. Fl. Jul-Nov, fr. Jul-Nov of following year.
Mixed mesophytic forests, frequent on sunny slopes; below 1500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan]