乳浆大戟Euphorbia esula Linn.

别名：松叶乳汁大戟;猫猫眼;东北大戟;刮金板;查干-塔日努;打盆打碗;岷县大戟;大戟;华北大戟;鸡肠狼毒;宽叶乳浆大戟;狼毒;猫儿眼草;打碗棵;细叶大戟;顺水狼毒;猫儿眼;乳浆草;肿手棵;乳酱大戟;艾苏大戟;猫眼草;烂疤眼;奶浆草;牛眼睛;乳腺大戟;顺水龙;太鲁阁大戟;五灯草;新疆大戟;窄叶大戟;春莲夏柳;砸碗砸碟草;leafy spurge;

科名：大戟科 Euphorbiaceae

属名：大戟属 Euphorbia

《中国植物志》第44(3)卷125页
  76.乳浆大戟（中国高等植物图鉴）猫眼草，烂疤眼（俗称），华北大戟（秦岭植物志），新疆大戟（中国沙漠植物志），太鲁阁大戟（台湾植物志），岷县大戟（云南植物研究），东北大戟，松叶乳汁大戟，宽叶乳浆大戟（东北草本植物志），乳浆草（北京植物志）图版38：5-9
  Euphorbia esula Linn. Sp. Pl. 461. 1753; Bolas. in DC. Prodr. 15 (2): 160. 1862; Forb.＆ Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 412. 1891; Rupr. in Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. 238. 1859; Levl. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2, 6: 762. 1906; Nakai, Fl. Kor. 2: 186. 1911;. Prokh. in Kom. Fl. URSS 14: 420. 1949;中国高等植物图鉴2: 622 图2973-1972; 东北草本植物图志6: 45-图版18: 1-4.1977; Ohwi, Fl. Jap. 842. 1978; 湖北植物志2: 393.图1304.1979;内蒙古植物志4: 44.图21.1979;秦岭植物志1(3): 162.1981; 江苏植物志2: 413.图1409-1982; 北京植物志1: 528.图669.1984; 宁夏植物志1: 429.图419.1986; 河南植物志2: 490.图1408.1986;福建植物志3: 226.图156.1987;中国沙模植物志2: 239-1987; J. S. Ma ＆ C. Y. Wu in Acta Bot. Yunnan.14 (4): 368. 1992; & in Collect. Bot. 21: 118. 1992. ——E. subcordata Meyer ex Ledeb. Ic. Pl. Ross. 2: 25. 1830; ——E. lunalata Bge. Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor. 59. 1833; Franch. Pl. David. 1: 263. 1844; Forb.＆Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 415. 1891; Levl in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2, 6: 763. 1906; Nakai, Fl. Kor. 2: 185. 1911; T. N. Liou in Contrib. Lab. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 1: (1): 6. 1931; 中国高等植物图鉴2: 622图2974.1972;东北草本植物志6: 47.1977;秦岭植物志1(3), 163.图139-1981;北京植物志1: 528.图670.1984;河南植物志2: 491.图1409.1986.——E. discolor Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 3: 577. 1849-1851; ——E. esula Linn. var. latifolia Ledeb. Fl Ross. 3: 576. 1849-1851; Nakai, Fl. Kor. 2: 186. 1911; 东北草本植物志6: 47.1977. ——E. mandshurica Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sc. St. Petersb. 29: 203: 1884; Prokh. in Kom. Fl. URSS 14: 433. 1949;东北草本植物志6: 43.图5-8.1977.——E. kaleniczenkii Czern. ex Tramtv. in Act. Hort. Petrop. 9: 159. 1884——E. tarokoensis Hayata, Jcon. Pl. Form., 7: 34. 1918; H. Keng in Taiwania 6: 47. 1955; 台湾植物志3: 464. Pl. 687. 1977.台湾植物志ed 2, 3: 466, 1993.——E. glomerulans Prokh. 0bz. Moloch. Sr. Azii 183. 1933. ——E. jaxartica Prokh. 0bz. Monoch. Sr. Azii 192. 1933; 中国沙漠植物志3: 339.图版121: 5-8.1987.——E. minxianensis W. T. Wang in Acta. Bot. Yunnan. 10 (1): 43. 1988. ——E. esula Linn. var. cyparioides Boiss. in DC. Prodr. 15 (2): 161: 1862; T. N. Lion in Contrib. Lab. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 1 (1): 4. 1931, ut E. cyparissioides Turcz.; 东北草本植物志6: 47.1977; 内蒙古植物志4: 46.1979;北京植物志1: 528.1984; 宁夏植物志1: 430.1986;中国沙漠植物志2: 340. 1987.
  多年生草本。根圆柱状，长20厘米以上，直径3-5 (6)毫米，不分枝或分枝，常曲折，褐色或黑褐色。茎单生或丛生，单生时自基部多分枝，高30-60厘米，直径3-5毫米；不育枝常发自基部，较矮，有时发自叶腋。叶线形至卵形，变化极不稳定，长2-7厘米，宽4-7毫米，先端尖或钝尖，基部楔形至平截；无叶柄；不育枝叶常为松针状，长2-3厘米，直径约1毫米；无柄；总苞叶3-5枚，与茎生叶同形；伞幅3-5，长2-4 (5)厘米；苞叶2枚，常为肾形，少为卵形或三角状卵形，长4-12毫米，宽4-10毫米，先端渐尖或近圆，基部近平截。花序单生于二歧分枝的顶端，基部无柄；总苞钟状，高约3毫米，直径2.5-3.0 毫米，边缘5裂，裂片半圆形至三角形，边缘及内侧被毛；腺体4,新月形，两端具角，角长而尖或短而钝，变异幅度较大，褐色。雄花多枚，苞片宽线形，无毛；雌花1枚，子房柄明显伸出总苞之外；子房光滑无毛；花柱3，分离；柱头2裂。蒴果三棱状球形，长与直径均5-6毫米，具3个纵沟；花柱宿存；成熟时分裂为3个分果爿。种子卵球状，长2.5-3.0 毫米，直径2.0-2.5毫米，成熟时黄褐色；种阜盾状，无柄。花果期4-10月。
  分布于全国（除海南、贵州、云南和西藏外）。生于路旁、杂草丛、山坡、林下、河沟边、荒山、沙丘及草地。广布于欧亚大陆，且归化于北美。模式标本采自西欧。
  种子含油量达30％，工业用；全草入药，具拔毒止痒之效。
  本种是国产大戟属植物中分布最广、变异幅度最大的种之一，常因复杂的生境产生各种各样的变异，诸如叶型、苞叶形状、植物体大小，不育枝存在与否、腺体两角的尖锐程度等均不稳定；但其主要识别特征是：直根系，没有念珠状根和不定根（与甘遂和钩腺大戟相异）；总苞钟状，5裂，腺体4（与土瓜狼毒相异）；花序基部无柄（与宽叶大戟相异）。因此，本种在国产乳汁大戟中是易于识别的。▽刘慎谔 (1931) 记载察哈尔（今河北）所产的E. cyparissioides Turcz.经鉴定属本种。后一名称属于裸名，在Kew Index上查不到该名Oudejians (1990)在世界大戟属名录中记载为刘慎谔替Turczaninow发表，但无拉丁文描述或特征集要，故怀疑是E. esula var. cyparissioides Boiss, (1862) ； 即使如此，本种亦不属有效发表，因已有西非产的一种用了此名，即E. cyparissioides Pax (1894)在先（早于1931)。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 11 (2008)
Euphorbia esula  Linnaeus
乳浆大戟   ru jiang da ji
Euphorbia croizatii Hurusawa; E. cyparissias Linnaeus; E. distincta Stscheglejew; E. eriophylla Karelin & Kirilov; E. esula var. latifolia Ledebour; E. leoncroizatii Oudejans; E. lunulata Bunge; E. maackii Meinshausen; E. mandshurica Maximowicz; E. minxianensis W. T. Wang; E. nakaiana H. Léveillé; E. octoradiata H. Léveillé & Vaniot; E. subcordata C. A. Meyer ex Ledebour; E. takouensis H. Léveillé & Vaniot; E. tarokoensis Hayata; Tithymalus esula (Linnaeus) Hill; T. lunulatus (Bunge) Soják; T. mandshuricus (Maximowicz) Soják; T. subcordatus Klotzsch & Garcke.
Herbs, erect, (15-)30-60 cm tall. Rootstock enlarged or sometimes extensively rhizomatous, brown or dark brown, up to 20 cm × 3-5(-6) mm, branched or not. Stems single or clustered, many branched basally, 3-5 mm thick; sterile stems sometimes present, sometimes overtopping inflorescence. Leaves alternate, often larger toward stem apex; stipules absent; basal scale-leaves few; petiole absent; leaf blade linear to ovate, very variable, (1.5-)2-7 × (0.15-)0.4-0.7(-1.2) cm, base attenuate, cuneate, or truncate, apex acuminate or acute; leaves on sterile branches denser, needlelike, 2-3 × ca. 0.1 cm. Inflorescence a terminal pseudumbel, often with lateral cymes from axils below; cymes mostly dichotomous; primary involucral leaves 3-8, similar to normal leaves to almost orbicular, primary rays 3-8, 2-4(-5) cm; cyathophylls 2, sometimes overlapping at base, usually reniform, occasionally ovate or triangular-ovate, pair often forming complete circle, 0.4-1.2 × 0.4-1 cm, base subtruncate to shallowly cordate, apex shortly acuminate to rounded. Cyathium sessile; involucre campanulate, ca. 3 × 2.5-3 mm, lobes rounded to triangular, tomentose on margin and inside; glands 4, brown, crescent-shaped, usually 2-horned, horns long and acute to short and obtuse or absent, sometimes so tightly incurved that gland looks circular. Bracteoles linear, glabrous. Male flowers many. Female flower: ovary exserted from cup, smooth, glabrous; styles free, persistent; style arms 2-lobed. Capsule trigonous-globose, 5-6 × 5-6 mm, with 3 vertical furrows. Seeds ovoid-globose, 2.5-3 × 2-2.5 mm, yellow-brown; caruncle present, peltate, sessile. Fl. and fr. Apr-Oct. 2n = 40*.
Roadsides, fields, grasslands, steppes, slopes, sparse forests, sandy areas. Throughout China except Guizhou, Hainan, Xizang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; SW Asia (Iran), Europe; naturalized in North America].
Euphorbia esula is extremely diverse, especially in the form of the leaf blade, involucral leaves, abortive branches, and the horns of the cyathial glands. However, it can be differentiated from E. kansui and E. sieboldiana by the involucre with 5 lobes and 4 glands (and from E. prolifera) and by the involucre without peduncle (from E. latifolia). There are many synonyms from outside China that are not given here. It is classified as a noxious weed in N America.

The seed oil is used in industry.