牛毛毡Heleocharis yokoscensis (Franch. et Savat.) Tang et Wang
牛毛毡Heleocharis yokoscensis (Franch. et Savat.) Tang et Wang
10.牛毛毡 图版XX, 10-13
Heleocharis yokoscensis (Franch. et Savat.) Tang et Wang, comb. nov. ——Scirpus yokoscensis Franch. et Savat. Enum. pl. Jap. II (1879) 109 et 543 Heleocharis acicularis Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1858) 298, non R. Br.——Eleocharis chaetaria Hance in Journ. Bot. XVI (1878) 112, non Roem. et Schult. Heleocharis acicularis var. longiseta Svens. in Rhodora XXXI (1929) 189; Ohwi, Cyper. Jap. II (1944) 36; Kitagawa, Lineam. Fl. Mansh. (1939) 118——Heleocharis svensonii Zinserl. in Kom. Fl. URSS. III (1935) 71 et 580.
匍匐根状茎非常细。稈多数，细如毫发，密丛生如牛毛毡，因而有此俗名，高2-12厘米。叶鳞片状，具鞘，鞘微红色，膜质，管状，高5-15毫米。小穗卵形，顶端钝，长3毫米，宽2毫米，淡紫色，只有几朵花，所有鳞片全有花；鳞片膜质，在下部的少数鳞片近二列，在基部的一片长圆形，顶端钝，背部淡绿色，有三条脉，两侧微紫色，边缘无色，抱小穗基部一周，长2毫米，宽1毫米；其余鳞片卵形，顶端急尖，长3.5毫米，宽2.5毫米，背部微绿色，有一条脉，两侧紫色，边缘无色，全部膜质；下位刚毛1-4条，长为小坚果两倍，有倒刺；柱头3。小坚果狭长圆形，无稜，呈浑圆状，顶端缢缩，不包括花柱基在内长1.8毫米，宽0.8毫米，微黄玉白色，表面细胞包呈横矩形网纹，网纹隆起，细密，整齐，因而呈现出纵纹15条和横纹约50条；花柱基稍膨大呈短尖状，直径约为小坚果宽的1/3。花果期4-11月。
几遍布于全国；多半生长在水田中、池塘边、或湿粘土中，海拔0-3000米。分布于苏联远东地区、朝鲜、日本、印度、缅甸和越南。
分布在我国和毗邻我国各地区的牛毛毡，过去曾被许多中外植物学家误认为H. acicularis (Linn. ) R. Br., 其实二者是判然有区别的，苏联的一位植物学家已见于此，并把东方的分出为另一种是有道理的；因为欧洲的那一种在小坚果的表面上横纹很密，约有80条左右，花柱基短而宽，下位刚毛脱落；而分布在我国的这一种小坚果表面的横纹约有50条，花柱基长而狭，下位刚毛不脱落，而且长为小坚果的二倍。
形态特征：多年生草本，具极纤细的匍匐根状茎。秆密丛生，细如毛发状，高3～10厘米。叶鳞片状，具微红色的叶鞘，管状，膜质，长5～15毫米。小穗卵形，淡紫色，长约3毫米，宽2毫米，所有鳞片全有花，膜质，下部鳞片近2列，基部的一枚鳞片长圆形，顶端钝，背部有3条脉。中间淡绿色，两侧微紫色，边缘无色，抱小穗基部一周，其余鳞片卵形，顶端急尖，长约3．5毫米，宽约2．5毫米，有一条脉，中间绿色，两侧紫色， 边缘无色，全部膜质，下位刚毛1～4条，长为小坚果的2倍，有倒刺，柱头3，有褐色小点。小坚果狭长圆形，无棱，长约1，8毫米， 淡黄白色，有细密整齐的网纹，花柱茎稍膨大，顶端呈短尖状。
生长环境：
花期果期：花果期5～10月(长江以南地区)。
用 途：全草药用,有发表散寒、祛痰平喘的功能，主治 感冒咳嗽、痰多气喘，咳嗽失音等。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 23 (2010)
Eleocharis yokoscensis (Franchet & Savatier) Tang & F. T. Wang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11: 54. 1961.
牛毛毡 niu mao zhan
Scirpus yokoscensis Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 543. 1878 ["yokoscencis"]; Eleocharis acicularis (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes var. longiseta Svenson; E. acicularis subsp. yokoscensis (Franchet & Savatier) T. V. Egorova; E. svensonii G. Zinserling.
Perennials. Stolons slender. Culms densely tufted, 2-12 cm tall, filiform. Leaf sheaths reddish, tubular, 0.5-1.5 cm. Spikelet pale purple, ovoid, ca. 3 × 2 mm, few flowered, apex obtuse. Glumes laxly imbricate, subdistichous at base of spikelet; basalmost glume empty, oblong, ca. 2 × 1 mm, 3-veined, amplexicaul for whole spikelet base, apex obtuse; fertile glumes greenish medially and purple on sides, ovate, ca. 1.8 × 1.2 mm, membranous, margin hyaline, apex acute. Perianth bristles 1-4, ca. 2 × as long as nutlet, retrorsely spinulose. Stigmas 3. Nutlet pale yellow, narrowly oblong, ca. 1 × 0.4-0.5 mm, obscurely 3-sided, longitudinally ridged, ridges separated by numerous cross-walls (trabeculae), apex contracted; persistent style base slightly inflated, conic, base ca. 1/3 as wide as nutlet. Fl. and fr. Apr-Nov.
Flooded fields, pond margins, moist and muddy soil; 300-3000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, N Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Russia (Far East), Vietnam].
J. Kern (Fl. Males., Ser. 1, Spermat. 7(3): 535. 1974) included Eleocharis yokoscensis within the circumscription of E. acicularis (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes as a synonym of E. acicularis var. longiseta, but we have observed and compared the characters of E. yokoscensis and E. acicularis and find they differ distinctly in characteristics of the nutlet and perianth bristles. The nutlet of the former has few transverse trabeculae (cross-walls) on the surface, the style base is ± long and narrow, and the perianth bristles are ca. 2 × as long as the nutlet. The nutlet of the latter has many transverse trabeculae on the surface, the style base is ± short and broad, and the perianth bristles are shorter than or as long as the nutlet, rarely slightly exceeding the nutlet.J. Kern (Fl. Males., Ser. 1, Spermat. 7(3): 535. 1974) included Eleocharis yokoscensis within the circumscription of E. acicularis (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes as a synonym of E. acicularis var. longiseta, but we have observed and compared the characters of E. yokoscensis and E. acicularis and find they differ distinctly in characteristics of the nutlet and perianth bristles. The nutlet of the former has few transverse trabeculae (cross-walls) on the surface, the style base is ± long and narrow, and the perianth bristles are ca. 2 × as long as the nutlet. The nutlet of the latter has many transverse trabeculae on the surface, the style base is ± short and broad, and the perianth bristles are shorter than or as long as the nutlet, rarely slightly exceeding the nutlet.
【拼音名】 Niú Máo Zhān
【别名】 松毛蔺
【来源】 为莎草科荸荠属植物牛毛毡Heleocharis yokoscensis （Franch. et Savat.）Tang et Wang [H. acicularis auct. fl. sin. non R. Br.]，以全草入药。秋季采集，洗净，晒干入药。
【性味】 辛，温。
【功能主治】 发表散寒，祛痰平喘。用于感冒咳嗽，痰多气喘，咳嗽失音。
【用法用量】 0.3～1两。
【摘录】 《全国中草药汇编》
科名：莎草科 Cyperaceae
属名：荸荠属 Heleocharis
10.牛毛毡 图版XX, 10-13
Heleocharis yokoscensis (Franch. et Savat.) Tang et Wang, comb. nov. ——Scirpus yokoscensis Franch. et Savat. Enum. pl. Jap. II (1879) 109 et 543 Heleocharis acicularis Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1858) 298, non R. Br.——Eleocharis chaetaria Hance in Journ. Bot. XVI (1878) 112, non Roem. et Schult. Heleocharis acicularis var. longiseta Svens. in Rhodora XXXI (1929) 189; Ohwi, Cyper. Jap. II (1944) 36; Kitagawa, Lineam. Fl. Mansh. (1939) 118——Heleocharis svensonii Zinserl. in Kom. Fl. URSS. III (1935) 71 et 580.
匍匐根状茎非常细。稈多数，细如毫发，密丛生如牛毛毡，因而有此俗名，高2-12厘米。叶鳞片状，具鞘，鞘微红色，膜质，管状，高5-15毫米。小穗卵形，顶端钝，长3毫米，宽2毫米，淡紫色，只有几朵花，所有鳞片全有花；鳞片膜质，在下部的少数鳞片近二列，在基部的一片长圆形，顶端钝，背部淡绿色，有三条脉，两侧微紫色，边缘无色，抱小穗基部一周，长2毫米，宽1毫米；其余鳞片卵形，顶端急尖，长3.5毫米，宽2.5毫米，背部微绿色，有一条脉，两侧紫色，边缘无色，全部膜质；下位刚毛1-4条，长为小坚果两倍，有倒刺；柱头3。小坚果狭长圆形，无稜，呈浑圆状，顶端缢缩，不包括花柱基在内长1.8毫米，宽0.8毫米，微黄玉白色，表面细胞包呈横矩形网纹，网纹隆起，细密，整齐，因而呈现出纵纹15条和横纹约50条；花柱基稍膨大呈短尖状，直径约为小坚果宽的1/3。花果期4-11月。
几遍布于全国；多半生长在水田中、池塘边、或湿粘土中，海拔0-3000米。分布于苏联远东地区、朝鲜、日本、印度、缅甸和越南。
分布在我国和毗邻我国各地区的牛毛毡，过去曾被许多中外植物学家误认为H. acicularis (Linn. ) R. Br., 其实二者是判然有区别的，苏联的一位植物学家已见于此，并把东方的分出为另一种是有道理的；因为欧洲的那一种在小坚果的表面上横纹很密，约有80条左右，花柱基短而宽，下位刚毛脱落；而分布在我国的这一种小坚果表面的横纹约有50条，花柱基长而狭，下位刚毛不脱落，而且长为小坚果的二倍。
形态特征：多年生草本，具极纤细的匍匐根状茎。秆密丛生，细如毛发状，高3～10厘米。叶鳞片状，具微红色的叶鞘，管状，膜质，长5～15毫米。小穗卵形，淡紫色，长约3毫米，宽2毫米，所有鳞片全有花，膜质，下部鳞片近2列，基部的一枚鳞片长圆形，顶端钝，背部有3条脉。中间淡绿色，两侧微紫色，边缘无色，抱小穗基部一周，其余鳞片卵形，顶端急尖，长约3．5毫米，宽约2．5毫米，有一条脉，中间绿色，两侧紫色， 边缘无色，全部膜质，下位刚毛1～4条，长为小坚果的2倍，有倒刺，柱头3，有褐色小点。小坚果狭长圆形，无棱，长约1，8毫米， 淡黄白色，有细密整齐的网纹，花柱茎稍膨大，顶端呈短尖状。
生长环境：
花期果期：花果期5～10月(长江以南地区)。
用 途：全草药用,有发表散寒、祛痰平喘的功能，主治 感冒咳嗽、痰多气喘，咳嗽失音等。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 23 (2010)
Eleocharis yokoscensis (Franchet & Savatier) Tang & F. T. Wang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11: 54. 1961.
牛毛毡 niu mao zhan
Scirpus yokoscensis Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 543. 1878 ["yokoscencis"]; Eleocharis acicularis (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes var. longiseta Svenson; E. acicularis subsp. yokoscensis (Franchet & Savatier) T. V. Egorova; E. svensonii G. Zinserling.
Perennials. Stolons slender. Culms densely tufted, 2-12 cm tall, filiform. Leaf sheaths reddish, tubular, 0.5-1.5 cm. Spikelet pale purple, ovoid, ca. 3 × 2 mm, few flowered, apex obtuse. Glumes laxly imbricate, subdistichous at base of spikelet; basalmost glume empty, oblong, ca. 2 × 1 mm, 3-veined, amplexicaul for whole spikelet base, apex obtuse; fertile glumes greenish medially and purple on sides, ovate, ca. 1.8 × 1.2 mm, membranous, margin hyaline, apex acute. Perianth bristles 1-4, ca. 2 × as long as nutlet, retrorsely spinulose. Stigmas 3. Nutlet pale yellow, narrowly oblong, ca. 1 × 0.4-0.5 mm, obscurely 3-sided, longitudinally ridged, ridges separated by numerous cross-walls (trabeculae), apex contracted; persistent style base slightly inflated, conic, base ca. 1/3 as wide as nutlet. Fl. and fr. Apr-Nov.
Flooded fields, pond margins, moist and muddy soil; 300-3000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, N Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Russia (Far East), Vietnam].
J. Kern (Fl. Males., Ser. 1, Spermat. 7(3): 535. 1974) included Eleocharis yokoscensis within the circumscription of E. acicularis (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes as a synonym of E. acicularis var. longiseta, but we have observed and compared the characters of E. yokoscensis and E. acicularis and find they differ distinctly in characteristics of the nutlet and perianth bristles. The nutlet of the former has few transverse trabeculae (cross-walls) on the surface, the style base is ± long and narrow, and the perianth bristles are ca. 2 × as long as the nutlet. The nutlet of the latter has many transverse trabeculae on the surface, the style base is ± short and broad, and the perianth bristles are shorter than or as long as the nutlet, rarely slightly exceeding the nutlet.J. Kern (Fl. Males., Ser. 1, Spermat. 7(3): 535. 1974) included Eleocharis yokoscensis within the circumscription of E. acicularis (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes as a synonym of E. acicularis var. longiseta, but we have observed and compared the characters of E. yokoscensis and E. acicularis and find they differ distinctly in characteristics of the nutlet and perianth bristles. The nutlet of the former has few transverse trabeculae (cross-walls) on the surface, the style base is ± long and narrow, and the perianth bristles are ca. 2 × as long as the nutlet. The nutlet of the latter has many transverse trabeculae on the surface, the style base is ± short and broad, and the perianth bristles are shorter than or as long as the nutlet, rarely slightly exceeding the nutlet.
《全国中草药汇编》:牛毛毡
【拼音名】 Niú Máo Zhān
【别名】 松毛蔺
【来源】 为莎草科荸荠属植物牛毛毡Heleocharis yokoscensis （Franch. et Savat.）Tang et Wang [H. acicularis auct. fl. sin. non R. Br.]，以全草入药。秋季采集，洗净，晒干入药。
【性味】 辛，温。
【功能主治】 发表散寒，祛痰平喘。用于感冒咳嗽，痰多气喘，咳嗽失音。
【用法用量】 0.3～1两。
【摘录】 《全国中草药汇编》