苍耳Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder

别名：rough cocklebur;豆苍子;苍耳子;菜耳;苍子;爵耳;痴头婆;道大头;老苍子;地葵;饿蠋蝗;耳珰;猴子树;胡苍子;苍耳子棵;羊带来;布都是咖克;道人头;虱母子;艹+枲;粘花子;母猪蒿;葈耳;羊屎草;诺霍英－赞古;羊屎果颠;羊屎蛋棵;野茄子;野苏树;粘苍子;粘衣子;猪耳;野紫爪;虱麻头;野茄;

科名：菊科 Compositae

属名：苍耳属 Xanthium

《中国植物志》第75卷325页
  1. 苍耳（尔雅）　别名：葈耳（本草经），粘头婆，虱马头（广州），苍耳子（四川、云南、河南、山东、山西、东北），老苍子（辽宁、江西、河北），野茄子，敝子（东北），道人头，刺八裸（河南），苍浪子，绵苍浪子，羌子裸子，青棘子（江苏），抢子（安徽），痴头婆，胡苍子（湖南），野茄（河北），猪耳，菜耳（甘肃）　图版55：1-10
  Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 20: 32. 1923; Hand. -Mazz. Symb., Sin. 7: 1108. 1936; 侯宽昭等, 广州植物志 525. 1959; 中国高等植物图鉴 4: 488. 图6389.——Xanthium strumarium L., Sp. Pl. 987. 1753. p. p.; DC. Prodr. 5: 523. 1836, p. p.; Maxim., Prim. Fl. Amur. 152. 1859, p. p.; Hemsl., in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 433. 1888, p. p.; Palibin, in Act. Hort. Petrop. 23: 122. 1899, p. p.; Diels in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 29: 615. 1901, p. p. ——Xanthium strumarium L. var. indicum Debeaux, in Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 31: 231. 1877, p. p. ——Xanthium indicum Klatt, in Nova Acta Kais. Leop. -Carol. Deutch. AK. Nat. 380. 1880, non Koenig apud Roxb.——Xanthium japonicum Widder, in Fedde, Repert. Beih. 20: 31. 1923; Kitag., Index Fl. Jehol. 58. 1936. et Lineam. Fl. Manch. 476. 1939.
形态特征：一年生草本，高20-90厘米。茎直立，上部分枝或不分枝，有短柔毛或刺毛。叶互生，卵状三角形，长4-10厘米，宽3.5-10厘米，先端尖，基部近心形或与叶柄相接处下延成楔形，边缘有不规则的浅裂与锯齿，两面均被粗糙毛；叶柄长3.5-10厘米，密被短毛。头状花序顶生或腋生；花单性，雌雄同株，上部为雄性，下部为雌性；雄性花序球形，有多数不孕的花，苞片1-2层，椭圆状披针形花托圆管状，有年针形透明膜质鳞片，包于花冠外，花冠管状，先端5齿裂，雄蕊5枚，花药分离，花丝合成单体，花柱细小，柱头不分裂，发育不完全；雌性花序总苞卵团员圆形或椭圆形，长10-18毫米，宽6-12毫米，苞片2层，外层苞片椭圆状披针形，内层苞片合成囊状，外面密被细毛，有钩刺，长1.5--2毫米，先端有2喙，直立，苞内有2朵花，发育，无花冠，柱头2深裂，伸出缘外。瘦果椭圆形，包于囊苞内；无冠毛。花期8-9月，果期9-10月。
分    布：各地均有分布。
生    境：山坡、路旁、信宅附近、田边或荒地。
繁殖方式：种子
习    性：阳生
药用部位：果实、茎、叶
药用功能：消炎、解毒、祛风湿
药用主治：散风湿，通鼻空。用于风寒头痛、鼻渊流涕、风寒湿痹、风疹瘙痒等症。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 20-21 (2011)
2. Xanthium strumarium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753.
苍耳 cang er Xanthium americanum Walter; X. chasei Fernald; X. chinense Miller; X. curvescens Millspaugh & Sherff; X. cylindricum Millspaugh & Sherff; X. echinatum Murray; X. echinellum Greene ex Rydberg; X. globosum C. Shull; X. inaequilaterum Candolle; X. indicum J. Koenig ex Roxburgh var. inaequilaterum (Candolle) Miquel; X. inflexum Mackenzie & Bush; X. italicum Moretti; X. japonicum Widder; X. mongolicum Kitagawa; X. orientale Linnaeus; X. oviforme Wallroth; X. pensylvanicum Wallroth; X. sibiricum Patrin ex Widder; X. sibiricum var. jingyuanense H. G. Hou & Y. T. Lu; X. sibiricum var. subinerme Widder; X. speciosum Kearney; X. strumarium var. canadense (Miller) Torrey & A. Gray; X. strumarium var. glabratum (Candolle) Cronquist; X. strumarium var. japonicum (Widder) H. Hara; X. strumarium subsp. sibiricum (Patrin ex Widder) Greuter; X. varians Greene; X. wootonii Cockerell.
Herbs, annual, 20-120 cm; nodal spines absent. Petiole 3.5-10 cm, not winged; median cauline leaves ovate-deltate, 9-25 cm, papery, densely scabrid on both surfaces, base shallowly cordate to broadly cuneate, margin irregularly dentate, often obsoletely 3-lobed, apex acute. Capitula monoecious. Male capitula in terminal umbels; phyllaries 1-seriate, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 2.2 mm; outer paleae oblong-lanceolate, inner paleae lanceolate, ca. 2.2 mm; corolla white, tubular, ca. 2.5 mm, 5-dentate. Female capitula axillary; phyllaries 1-seriate, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, inner bracts connate with outer paleae. Burs sessile, oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid, 10-18 × 6-12 mm, densely puberulent, 2-beaked. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 36.Damp or seasonally wet often alkaline soils, wastelands, margins of agriculture, common weed. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [a pantropical weed, known to be widely distributed in both Old and New Worlds, but most probably originating in the New World].