蜂斗菜Petasites japonicus (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim.

别名：Japanese sweet coltsfoot;野南瓜;款冬;蛇头草;蜂头菜;葫芦叶;八角亭;蜂斗叶;水钟流头;网丝皮;

科名：菊科 Compositae

属名：蜂斗菜属 Petasites

《中国植物志》第77(1)卷099页
  5.蜂斗菜 蛇头草，水钟流头，蜂斗叶，八角亭图版22: 4-6
  Petasites japonicus (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. in Award 34th. Demidov. Prize 212. 1866; Miq. in Annn. Mus. Bot. Lugd. -Bat. 3: 202. 1867; Kitam. in Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Univ. Ser. B 16: 162. 1942; Hara, Enum. Sperm. Jap. 2: 236. 1952; Ohwi, Fl. Jap. (in Eng.) ed 877. 1965; S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 20: 296. 1967; Koyama in Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyoto Univ. Ser. Biol. 2: 25. 1968; 中国高等植物图鉴4: 547.图6508. 1975; 秦岭植物志 1(5): 281. 201. 1985;黄土高原植物志 5: 330.图版 58: 10-11. 1989; 福建植物志 5: 391. 363. 1993. ——Tussilago petasites Thunb., Fl. Jap. 314. 1784, non L. ——Nardosmia japonica Sieb. et Zucc. Fl. Jap. 181. 1843; Kurprian. Fl. URSS 26: 653. 1961. ——Petasites albus A. Gray in Perry Exped. 2: 314. 1857, non L. ——Petasites spurius Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd-Bat. 2: 168. 1866, non Reichb. ——Petasites liukiuensis Kitam. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 178. 1930.
  多年生草本，根状茎平卧，有地下匍枝，具膜质，卵形的鳞片，颈部有多数纤维状根，雌雄异株。雄株花茎在花后高10-30厘米，不分枝，被密或疏褐色短柔，基部径达7-10毫米。基生叶具长柄，叶片圆形或肾状圆形，长宽15-30厘米，不分裂，边缘有细齿，基部深心形，上面绿色幼时被卷柔毛，下面被蛛丝状毛，后脱毛，纸质。苞叶长圆形或卵状长圆形，长3-8厘米，钝而具平行脉，薄质，紧贴花葶。头状花序多数，（25-30）在上端密集成密伞房状，有同形小花；总苞筒状，长6毫米，宽7-8(10）毫米，基部有披针形苞片；总苞片2层近等长，狭长圆形，顶端圆钝，无毛；全部小花管状，两性，不结实；花冠白色，长7-7.5毫米，管部长4.5毫米，花药基部钝，有宽长圆形的附片；花柱棒状增粗近上端具小环，顶端锥状二浅裂。雌性花葶高15-20厘米，有密苞片，在花后常伸长，高近70厘米；密伞房状花序，花后排成总状，稀下部有分枝；头状花序具异形小花；雌花多数，花冠丝状，长6.5毫米，顶端斜截形；花柱明显伸出花冠，顶端头状，二浅裂，被乳头状毛。瘦果圆柱形，长3.5毫米，无毛；冠毛白色，长约12毫米，细糙毛状。花期4-5月，果期6月。
  产江西、安徽、江苏、山东、福建、湖北、四川和陕西。常生于溪流边、草地或灌丛中，常有栽培。朝鲜、日本及俄罗斯远东地区也有分布。
  根状茎供药用，能解毒祛瘀，外敷治跌打损伤、骨折及蛇伤。在日本广泛栽培作为蔬菜，叶柄和嫩花芽供食用，味美可口。
形态特征：多年生草本。根状茎褐色。头状花序直径2.5-3厘米。
分    布：华北、西北等
生    境：荒地路旁
繁殖方式：种子
习    性：荫生
药用部位：花蕾和叶
药用功能：解毒祛瘀、跌打损伤
药用主治：解毒祛瘀、跌打损伤

《Flora of China》 Vol. 20-21 (2011)
Petasites japonicus  (Siebold & Zuccarini) Maximowicz Award 34th Demidovian Prize. 212. 1866.
蜂斗菜   feng dou cai
Nardosmia japonica Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. 181. 1843; Petasites albus A. Gray (1857), not Linnaeus (1753); P. liukiuensis Kitamura; P. spurius Miquel; Tussilago petasites Thunberg.
Rhizomes creeping, with subterranean procumbent branches, with membranous ovate scales, and numerous fibrous roots. Stems 15-30 cm tall, basally 7-10 mm in diam., simple, densely or laxly shortly brown pubescent. Basal leaves long petiolate; blade adaxially green, orbicular or reniform-orbicular, 15-30 × 15-30 cm, papery, abaxially arachnoid, later glabrescent, adaxially crisped-pubescent when young, base cordate, margin finely toothed. Bracteal leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 3-8 cm, parallel veined, apically obtuse. Male scapes with numerous capitula (20-30) crowded in a terminal corymb, homogamous; involucres tubular, ca. 6 × 7-8(-10) mm, base with lanceolate bracts; phyllaries biseriate, subequal, narrowly oblong, glabrous, apically obtuse; all florets tubular, functionally male; corolla white, 7-7.5 mm, tube ca. 4.5 mm; anthers basally obtuse; style clavately thickened with small ring below stigma, apex 2-fid. Female scape 15-20 cm tall, densely bracteate, often elongated after anthesis, ca. 70 cm tall, in dense corymbs, rarely branched; capitula homogamous; florets numerous, corolla filiform, ca. 6.5 mm, apex obliquely truncate; stigma distinctly exserted from corolla, capitate, 2-fid, papillose. Achenes cylindric, ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous. Pappus of many fine bristles, white, ca. 12 mm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Jun.
Streamsides, grasslands, thickets. Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)].
The rhizomes of Petasites japonicus are used medicinally for treating injuries, trauma, swelling, and fractures, and for detoxification of snakebites. The stalk is cultivated as a vegetable, and the young immature capitula are delicious.The rhizomes of Petasites japonicus are used medicinally for treating injuries, trauma, swelling, and fractures, and for detoxification of snakebites. The stalk is cultivated as a vegetable, and the young immature capitula are delicious.

《全国中草药汇编》:蜂斗菜

【拼音名】 Fēnɡ Dòu Cài
【别名】 蜂斗叶、网丝皮、蛇头草
【来源】 菊科蜂斗菜属植物蜂斗菜Petasites japonicus （Sieb. et Zucc.） Fr. Schmidt，以全草或根状茎入药。全草四季可采，根状茎春秋采挖，洗净晒干。
【性味】 苦、辛，凉。
【功能主治】 消肿，解毒，散瘀。用于毒蛇咬伤，痈疖肿毒，跌打损伤。
【用法用量】 外用适量，捣烂敷患处。
【摘录】 《全国中草药汇编》