栏目

美头火绒草Leontopodium calocephalum (Franch.) Beauv.

美头火绒草Leontopodium calocephalum (Franch.) Beauv.

别名:扎托;扎托巴;

科名:菊科 Compositae

属名:火绒草属 Leontopodium

《中国植物志》第75卷127页
  36. 美头火绒草 图版20: 1-4
  Leontopodium calocephalum (Franch.) Beauv. in Bull. Soc. Sot. Gen. ser. 2, 1: 189. 1909; 5: 145. 1910; Hand. -Mazz. in Schrot. Pflzleb. d. Alp. 2 Aufl. 504. 1924; Hand. -Mazz. in Act. Hort. Goth. 1: 114. 1924, 12: 238. 1938, in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 44, 2: 107. 1928 et Symb. Sin. 7: 1099. 1936; Mattf. in Rehd. et Kobusk., Journ. Arn. Arb. 15: 36. 1933; S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiw Mus. 20, 1-2: 40. 1967; 中国高等植物图鉴 4: 466. 图6346. 1975.——Gnaphalium leontopodium Linn. γ. calocephalum Franch. in Bull. Soc. Fr. 39: 131. 1892. ——Leontopodium alpinum Cass. var. himalayanum Franch. in Nouv. Arch. Hist. Par. 2 ser. 70: 36. 1888. Gna-phltium leontopodium Linn. var. sibiricum Franch. , l. c. 131. 1892, p. p. ——Leontopodium calocephalum Beauv. var. typum Hand. -Mazz. , l. c. 107. 1928.
形态特征:美头火绒草(原变种)var.Calocephalum多年生草本。根状茎稍细,横走,颈部粗厚,不育茎被密集的叶鞘,有顶生的叶丛,与1至数个花茎簇生。茎从膝曲的基部直立,不分枝,高10一50厘米,粗壮或挺直,被蛛丝状毛或上部被白色棉状茸毛,下部后近无毛,全部或除上部外有叶,节间通常长2—4厘米或上部达lO厘米。基部叶在花期枯萎宿存;叶直立或稍开展,下部叶与不育茎的叶披针形、长披针形或线状披针形,长2—15稀20厘米,宽0.2—1.2厘米,顶端尖,有粗短的或稍长的尖头,渐狭成长叶柄并在基部成褐色宽松而长的鞘部,中部或上部叶渐短,卵圆披针形,基部常较宽大,楔形或圆形,抱茎,无柄,全部叶草质,边缘有时稍反折,上面无毛,或有蛛丝状毛或灰色绢状毛,或在上部叶的基部多少被长柔毛或茸毛,下面被白,色或边缘被银灰色的薄或厚密的茸毛;中脉细和两条与叶缘几平行的侧脉在下面稍高起,近无毛。苞叶多数,与茎上部叶等长或较长,从鞘状宽大的基部向上渐狭,尖三角形,顶端渐细尖,上面被多少白色或干燥后黄色或黄褐色厚茸毛,顶端常多绿色或脱毛,下面被白色,银灰色茸毛或有时绿色,较花序长2—5倍,开展成密集的,或有时成分散的径约4—12厘米的苞叶群。头状花序5—20稀25个多少密集,径5—12毫米。总苞长4—6毫米,被白色柔毛;总苞片约4层,顶端无毛,深褐色或黑色,宽阔,顶端尖或圆形,露出毛茸之上。小花异形,有1或少数雄花和雌花,或雌雄异株。花冠长3—4毫米;雄花花冠狭漏斗状管状,有卵圆形裂片;雌花花冠丝状。冠毛白色,基部稍黄色;雄花冠毛全部粗厚,上部稍棒锤状,有钝齿;雌花冠毛较细,下部有细齿。不育的子房无毛或稍有短粗毛;瘦果被短粗毛。花期7—9月,果期9—10月。
产地分布:产青海东部(门源)、甘肃西部至南部(夏河、岷县等)、四川北部至西南部(茂理、小金、峨边、峨眉、松潘、康定、道孚等)、云南西北部至北部(德钦、鹤庆、中甸、丽江、维西等)。生于高山和亚高山草甸、石砾坡地、湖岸、沼泽地、灌丛、冷杉和其他针叶林下或林缘,较常见。海拔2800—4500米。
本种提示:美头火绒草由于苞叶和叶形的特殊,极易与本属其他种区别。它在植株的高低、叶和苞叶的宽窄方面有极大的变异;它与下一变种的区别是叶疏生,长渐尖,苞叶较茎上部叶稍大或等形,基部较宽常鞘状扩大而常被白色长柔毛,总苞片的深色顶端常露出毛茸之上。美头火绒草与银叶火绒草1.SoulieiBeauv:之间,可能有中向类型或天然杂种存在。它有时也与珠峰火绒草,1.HimalayanumDC.相近似。
参考文献:Leontopodium calocephalum (Franch。) Beauv. In Bull. Soc. Bot。 G6n.S6r.2,1:189.1909;5:145.1910;Hand.·Mazz.In Schr6t.Pflzleb.D. Alp·2 Aufl.504.1924;Hand.·Mazz.In Act.Hort.Goth.1:114.·1924,12: 238.1938,in Beih.Bot.Centralbl.44,2:107.1928 et Symb.Sin.7:1099. 1936;Mattf,in Rehd.Et.Kobusk,,Journ. Arn.Arb.15:36.1933;S.Y。 Hu in Quart.Journ.Taiw.Mus.20,1—2:40.19671中国高等植物图鉴4: 466.图6346.1975~ Gnaphalium leontopodium Linn·r,calocephalum Fr- anch.In Bull.Soc.Fr.39:131.1892.——Leontopodium alpinum Cass.Var. Himalayanum Franch.In Nouv.Arch。Hist。Par.2 ser.10:36.1888.Gna· phalium leontopodium Linn·,var.Sibivicum Franch:,1,C.131·1892,p p..——Leontopodium calocephalum Beauv·,var.Typum Hand.·Mazz,1.C;107,1928.

《Flora of China》 Vol. 20-21 (2011)
Leontopodium calocephalum  (Franchet) Beauverd Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève. 1: 189. 1909.
美头火绒草   mei tou huo rong cao
Gnaphalium leontopodium Linnaeus var. calocephalum Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 39: 131. 1892; Leontopodium calocephalum var. depauperatum Y. Ling; L. calocephalum var. uliginosum Beauverd.
Herbs, perennial. Rhizome slender, prostrate, usually branched. Stems erect, not branched, 10-50 cm tall, arachnoid pilose. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 50-150 × 2-12 mm, abaxially white tomentose, adaxially green and glabrous or sparsely pilose, lateral veins 2, distinct, subparallel to midvein, base forming sparse sheath around stem, apex acuminate. Capitula 5-20, heterogamous or diclinous-dioecious, closely aggregated, 5-10 mm in diam.; bracteal leaves 10-18, linear, 20-45 × 3-6 mm, forming a multiradiate star of 5-8 cm in diam., both surfaces densely white or yellowish tomentose, base broader, apex acuminate. Involucre 4-6 mm, white tomentose; phyllaries 4-seriate, apex dark brown, acute or rounded, glabrous. Corolla 3-4 mm. Achenes pilose. Pappus white, ca. 4 mm, serrulate. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr. Sep-Oct.
● Alpine meadows, grasslands, thickets, marshes, conifer forests, gravelly slopes, lake banks; 2600-4200 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan.

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