紫菀Aster tataricus Linn. f.

别名：Tatarian aster;鲁格米格;返魂草;敖登-其其格;大耳朵菜;大耳草;驴夹板菜;青菀;青牛舌头花;青牛头花;返魂草根;柳叶菊;广紫苑;广紫菀;给米取;大耳菜;鞑靼紫菀;子元;青牛舌头草;紫蒨;呼荣;山白菜;青苑;青紫;软紫菀;温都苏;夜牛蒡;小辫儿;紫茜;紫苑;青牛舌头;紫菀茸;驴夹板;驴耳朵菜;夹板菜;还魂草;花蒿;夜牵牛;

科名：菊科 Compositae

属名：紫菀属 Aster

《中国植物志》第74卷136页
  2. 紫菀（本草经）青牛舌头花（河北土名）山白菜 驴夹板菜 驴耳朵菜 青菀 还魂草
  Aster tataricus L., f. Suppl. Pl. 373, 1781; DC., Prodr. 5: 230. 1836; Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 2: 475, 1845-46; Maxim., in Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb. Ser. 2, 9 (Fl. Amur) 144 et 472, 1859; Franch. Pl. David. 162, 1884; Komar. in Act. Hort. Petrop. 25: 592, 1907; Tamansch., Fl. URSS. 25: 92, 1959——Astr trinervius Roxb. var. longifolius Franch. et Sav., Enum. Fl. jap. 1: 222, 1875——Aster nakai Levl. et Vant. in Bull. Geogr. Bot. 20: 140. 1909. ——Aster tataricus Linm. var. minor. Makino in Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22: 166. 1908——Aster tataricus Linn. var. vernalis et robustus Nakai in Journ. Jap. Bot. 17: 682, 683. 1941——Aster tataricus Linn. var. nakaii (Levl. et Vant.) Kitam., Comp. Nov. Jap. 20, 1931.
  多年生草本，根状茎斜升。茎直立，高40-50厘米，粗壮，基部有纤维状枯叶残片且常有不定根，有棱及沟，被疏粗毛，有疏生的叶。基部叶在花期枯落，长圆状或椭圆状匙形，下半部渐狭成长柄，连柄长20-50厘米，宽3-13厘米，顶端尖或渐尖，边缘有具小尖头的圆齿或浅齿。下部叶匙状长圆形，常较小，下部渐狭或急狭成具宽翅的柄，渐尖，边缘除顶部外有密锯齿；中部叶长圆形或长圆披针形，无柄，全缘或有浅齿，上部叶狭小；全部叶厚纸质，上面被短糙毛，下面被稍疏的但沿脉被较密的短粗毛；中脉粗壮，与5-10对侧. 脉在下面突起，网脉明显。头状花序多数，径2.5-4.5厘米，在茎和枝端排列成复伞房状；花序梗长，有线形苞叶。总苞半球形，长7-9毫米，径10-25毫米；总苞片3层，线形或线状披针形，顶端尖或圆形，外层长3-4毫米，宽1毫米，全部或上部草质，被密短毛，内层长达8毫米，宽达1.5毫米，边缘宽膜质且带紫红色，有草质中脉。舌状花约20余个；管部长3毫米，舌片蓝紫色，长15-17毫米，宽2.5-3.5毫米，有4至多脉；管状花长6-7毫米且稍有毛，裂片长1.5毫米；花柱附片披针形，长0.5毫米。瘦果倒卵状长圆形，紫褐色，长2.5-3毫米，两面各有1或少有3脉，上部被疏粗毛。冠毛污白色或带红色，长6毫米，有多数不等长的糙毛。花期7-9月；果期8-10月。
  产于黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古东部及南部、山西、河北、河南西部（卢氏）、陕西及甘肃南部（临洮、成县等）。生于低山阴坡湿地、山顶和低山草地及沼泽地，海拔400-2000米。也分布于朝鲜、日本及苏联西伯利亚东部。
  此种曾被分为一些变种：1. 植株较小，叶较狭；总苞片较狭，顶端渐尖，外层草质，内层边缘狭膜质，稀顶端稍紫色；舌片浅蓝紫色 (var. minor Makino, var. nakaii Kitam.)，分布于东北、内蒙古、华北及西北等地；也产于朝鲜；有时头状花序径2.5厘米，舌片长仅1厘米，产于河北及甘肃；2. 植株较大，下部及基部叶宽大，被密糙毛；花序多分枝；总苞片长8-9毫米，顶端钝或圆形，紫色；舌片白色而较长 (var. robustus Nakai, ssp. decompositus Novopokr., in sched.)，产于河北、山西等地。但这些变种之间有中间类型存在，不容易区别。3. 又据前人记载，另有一花期较早的类型，总苞片狭较而草质，舌片较宽大（长15-20毫米，宽3-4毫米），瘦果稍有毛 (var. vernalis Nakai)，产于辽宁。
  此种另有一栽培类型 (var. petersianus Hort. ex Bailey) 原产地在我国，供观赏用。本种系紫菀正品，根药用主治慢性气管炎，止咳，化痰。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 20-21 (2011)
Aster tataricus  Linnaeus f. Suppl. Pl. 373. 1782.
紫菀   zi wan
Aster nakaii H. Léveillé & Vaniot; A. tataricus var. nakaii (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) Kitamura; A. trinervius Roxburgh ex D. Don var. longifolius Franchet & Savatier.
Herbs, perennial, 11-150 cm tall; rhizomes becoming woody; stemless rosettes often present. Stems erect, simple, ribbed, glabrate proximally to sparsely strigillose distally, minutely stipitate glandular below leaves. Leaves cauline, much reduced upward, scabrous, abaxially sparsely minutely stipitate glandular, margin scabrous-ciliate, midvein prominent abaxially, apex acuminate to acute or rounded, mucronate; lowest leaves withered by anthesis, long, slightly winged petiolate (petiole to 30 cm), petiole base sheathing; blade oblanceolate to ovate, (2.1-)30-50 × (0.9-)6-12 cm, base attenuate, margin undulate, coarsely serrate, veins pinnately 6-10-paired; lower to upper leaves shortly petiolate (base sheathing) or sessile, oblanceolate to lanceolate, 2-18 × 0.6-5 cm, base attenuate, margin coarsely serrate to serrulate or entire; synflorescence leaves lanceolate, 1.3-7 × 0.2-1 cm. Capitula (2-)14-50 or more, in terminal corymbiform synflorescences; peduncles 25-65 mm, sparsely strigillose, moderately to densely minutely stipitate glandular; bracts linear-lanceolate, entire, sometimes grading into phyllaries. Involucres campanulate, 7-10(-12) mm; phyllaries 3-seriate, unequal, green along midvein, membranous, base ± hardened, margin erose, ciliate, midvein ± pronounced, slightly translucent; outer phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, 4-5 × 0.8-1 mm, sparsely strigillose, distally sparsely minutely stipitate glandular, sometimes ± leaflike, margin narrowly scarious, apex acute, ciliate, tip purplish; middle phyllaries oblong to lanceolate-oblong, 6-7 × ca. 1 mm, abaxially glabrous to sparsely strigillose distally or along midvein, eglandular or very sparsely glandular, margin scarious, apex acuminate, sometimes mucronate, distal margin and apex purplish; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate to linear-oblong, 8-10 × 0.6-1 mm, glabrous, sparsely minutely stipitate glandular, margin scarious, apex acuminate, erose, purplish. Ray florets 14-30, blue or pale lavender or to purple, lamina 7-15 × 1.5-2.5 mm, glabrous, eglandular; disk florets yellow, 5-7 mm, limb campanulate, 3.5-4 mm, lobes erect, tip spreading, narrowly triangular, ca. 2 mm, glabrous, eglandular. Achenes dark, obovoid, slightly compressed, 2.5-3 mm, sparsely to moderately strigillose, sparsely minutely stipitate glandular apically, 4-6-ribbed. Pappus 4-seriate, reddish, of barbellate bristles; outermost bristles few, slender, 0.2-0.3 mm; outer bristles slender 1.5-2 mm; inner bristles 4.5-5 mm, tapering; innermost bristles 6-7 mm, slightly clavate. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 54.
Shaded damp places, meadows, steppes, damp riverbanks; 400-3300 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
The roots of Aster tataricus are used medicinally to relieve coughs and reduce sputum.The roots of Aster tataricus are used medicinally to relieve coughs and reduce sputum.