牛蒡Arctium lappa Linn.

别名：恶实;大力子;百角羊;大耳朵草;大耳杂草;大胡芦根;大葫芦根;大力籽;得格个乐吉;东洋萝卜;疙瘩菜;狗宝;黑板儿;黑风子;黑根儿;黑萝卜;蒺松;老母猪耳朵;老母猪挂达子;老母猪哼哼;老母猪呼达;老鼠愁;老鼠捻捻;老鼠撚撚;老鼠牠舅;老鼠粘;毛粘粘;黏不沾;黏苍子;牛蒡根;牛蒡子;牛菜;牛槽子;牛爬叶;牛子;切桑;然娃娃;鼠粘草;鼠粘子;天龙子;土大桐子;万把钩;象耳朵;象耳根;亚实;羊蒡;夜叉颈;夜叉头;粘不沾;粘苍子;针猪草;

科名：菊科 Compositae

属名：牛蒡属 Arctium

《中国植物志》第78(1)卷058页
  1.牛蒡 恶实 大力子
  Arctium lappa L., Sp. Pl. 816, 1753; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 359, 1881; Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 460, 1888; Chen in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 5: 78, 1934; Hand.-Mazz. , Symb. Sin. 7: 1145, 1936 et in Act. Hort. Gothob. 12: 310, 1936; , 东北植物检索表, 410, 1959; 江苏南部种子植物手册795, 1959; Juz. et al. in Fl. URSS 27: 97, 1962; S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 18 (1-2) : 118, 1965;中国高等植物图鉴4: 603,1975——Lappa vulgaris Hill. Veg. Syst. 4:28,1762——L. major Gaertn. , De Fruet. 2: 379, 1791; Ldb., Fl. Ross. 2: 748, 1845-1846——Arctium rnajus Bernh. , Syst. Verz. Pfl. Erf. 154, 1800; Lilg in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peip. 3: 134, 1935——A. lappa L. subsp. majus Arene in Bull. Jard. Bruxelles 20: 75, 1950——A. leiospermum Juz. et al. in Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sc. URSS 18: 299, 1957, syn. nov.
  二年生草本，具粗大的肉质直根，长达15厘米，径可达2厘米，有分枝支根。茎直立，高达2米，粗壮，基部直径达2厘米，通常带紫红或淡紫红色，有多数高起的条棱，分枝斜升，多数，全部茎枝被稀疏的乳突状短毛及长蛛丝毛并混杂以棕黄色的小腺点。基生叶宽卵形，长达30厘米，宽达21厘米，边缘稀疏的浅波状凹齿或齿尖，基部心形，有长达32厘米的叶柄，两面异色，上面绿色，有稀疏的短糙毛及黄色小腺点，下面灰白色或淡绿色，被薄绒毛或绒毛稀疏，有黄色小腺点，叶柄灰白色，被稠密的蛛丝状绒毛及黄色小腺点，但中下部常脱毛。茎生叶与基生叶同形或近同形，具等样的及等量的毛被，接花序下部的叶小，基部平截或浅心形。头状花序多数或少数在茎枝顶端排成疏松的伞房花序或圆锥状伞房花序，花序梗粗壮。总苞卵形或卵球形，直径1.5-2厘米。总苞片多层，多数，外层三角状或披针状钻形，宽约1毫米，中内层披针状或线状钻形，宽1.5-3毫米；全部苞近等长，长约1.5厘米，顶端有软骨质钩刺。小花紫红色，花冠长1.4厘米，细管部长8毫米，簷部长6毫米，外面无腺点，花冠裂片长约2毫米。瘦果倒长卵形或偏斜倒长卵形，长5-7毫米，宽2-3毫米，两侧压扁，浅褐色，有多数细脉纹，有深褐色的色斑或无色斑。冠毛多层，浅褐色；冠毛刚毛糙毛状，不等长，长达3.8毫米，基部不连合成环，分散脱落。花果期6-9月。
  全国各地普遍分布。生于山坡、山谷、林缘、林中、灌木丛中、河边潮湿地、村庄路旁或荒地，海拔750-3500米。由于瘦果和根入药，各国各地亦有普遍栽培。果实入药，性味辛、苦寒，疏散风热，宜肺透疹、散结解毒；根入药，有清热解毒、疏风利咽之效。广布欧亚大陆。模式标本采自西欧。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 20-21 (2011)
Arctium lappa  Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 816. 1753.
牛蒡   niu bang
Arctium leiospermum Juzepczuk & Ye. V. Sergievskaja; A. majus Bernhardi, nom. illeg. superfl.; Lappa major Gaertner, nom. illeg. superfl.; L. vulgaris Hill.
Herbs to 2 m tall, biennial. Stem purplish, erect, stout, apically branched, sparsely cobwebby; branches ascending. Leaves abaxially grayish white or pale green and thinly felted, adaxially green, sparsely strigose, and yellow gland-dotted. Basal leaves with petiole ca. 32 cm; leaf blade broadly heart-shaped, ca. 30 × 21 cm, margin entire and repand to mucronulate denticulate. Cauline leaves similar to basal leaves or ovate; uppermost cauline leaves ovate to shallowly cordate, smaller. Capitula few to many, ± corymbose. Involucre ovoid, 1.5-2 cm in diam., glabrous except for minute glandular hairs. Phyllaries all with a hooked apex; outer phyllaries triangular to lanceolate-subulate, ca. 15 × 1 mm; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate to linear-subulate, ca. 15 × 1.5-3 mm. Corolla purplish red, ca. 1.4 cm, tube ca. 8 mm. Achene pale brown variegated with dark brown or concolorous, narrowly sometimes obliquely obovoid, 5-7 mm, multistriate. Pappus bristles to 3.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep. 2n = 18, 34, 36.
Near villages, roadsides, near rivers, wet and waste places, forest margins, thickets, valleys, slopes; 700-3500 m. Throughout China except for Hainan, Taiwan, and Xizang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan; SW Asia, Europe].
Arctium lappa is cultivated almost throughout China. The achenes and roots are used medicinally.Arctium lappa is cultivated almost throughout China. The achenes and roots are used medicinally.

《全国中草药汇编》:牛蒡

【来源】 为菊科植物牛蒡Arctium lappa L.的根。四季可采，洗净切片晒干用。
【性味】 苦、辛，寒。
【功能主治】 清热解毒，疏风利咽。用于风热感冒，咳嗽，咽喉肿痛，疮疖肿痛，脚癣，湿疹。
【用法用量】 3～5钱。
【摘录】 《全国中草药汇编》