半夏Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit.

别名：半月莲、三步跳、地八豆

科名：天南星科 Araceae

属名：半夏属 Pinellia

《中国植物志》第13(2)卷203页
  4．半夏（神农本草经）三叶半夏（山西、河南、广西），三步跳（湖北、四川、贵州、云南），麻芋果（贵州），田里心、无心菜、老鸦眼、老鸦芋头（山东），燕子尾、地慈姑、球半夏、尖叶半夏（广西），老黄咀、老和尚扣、野芋头、老鸦头、地星（江苏），三步魂、麻芋子（四川），小天老星、药狗丹（东北、华北），三叶头草、三棱草（上海），洋犁头、小天南星（福建），扣子莲、生半夏、土半夏、野半夏（江西），半子、三片叶、三开花、三角草、三兴草（甘肃），地文、和姑、守田（古称），地珠半夏（云南）图版40：1-7
  Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. in Bot. Zeitg. 687, fig. 1-4. 1879; Engl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 73 (4, 23F) : 222, fig. 55: A-M. 1920; Hand. -Mazt., Symb. Sin. 7: 1368. 1936; 秦岭植物志1 (1) : 287, 图257. 1976.——Arum ternatum Thumb. , Fl. Jap. 233. 1784; Benth., Fl. Hongk.: 542 in nota. 1861. ——Pinellia tuberifera Tenore in Atti R. Acad. Sc. Nap. 4: 221. 1839; Engl. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 2: 566. 1879, in Engl. et Prantl, Pflzfam. 2 (3) : 151. 1889; B. E. Brown in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36: 174. 1903; Dunn in Fl. Kwan tung and Hongk.: 288. 1912.
  块茎圆球形，直径1-2厘米，具须根。叶2-5枚，有时1枚。叶柄长15-20厘米，基部具鞘，鞘内、鞘部以上或叶片基部（叶柄顶头）有直径3-5毫米的珠芽，珠芽在母株上萌发或落地后萌发；幼苗叶片卵状心形至戟形，为全缘单叶，长2-3厘米，宽2-2.5厘米；老株叶片3全裂，裂片绿色，背淡，长圆状椭圆形或披针形，两头锐尖，中裂片长3-10厘米，宽1-3厘米；侧裂片稍短；全缘或具不明显的浅波状圆齿，侧脉8-10对，细弱，细脉网状，密集，集合脉2圈。花序柄长25-30（-35）厘米，长于叶柄。佛焰苞绿色或绿白色，管部狭圆柱形，长1.5-2厘米；檐部长圆形，绿色，有时边缘青紫色，长4-5厘米，宽1.5厘米，钝或锐尖。肉穗花序：雌花序长2厘米，雄花序长5-7毫米，其中间隔3毫米；附属器绿色变青紫色，长6-10厘米，直立，有时“S”形弯曲。浆果卵圆形，黄绿色，先端渐狭为明显的花柱。花期5-7月，果8月成熟。
  除内蒙古、新疆、青海、西藏尚未发现野生的外，全国各地广布，海拔2500米以下，常见于草坡、荒地、玉米地、田边或疏林下，为旱地中的杂草之一。朝鲜、日本也有。
  块茎入药，有毒，能燥湿化痰，降逆止呕，生用消疖肿；主治咳嗽痰多、恶心呕吐；外用治急性乳腺炎、急慢性化浓性中耳炎。兽医用以治锁喉癀。
  本种喜暖温潮湿，耐荫蔽；可栽培于林下或果树行间，或与其它作物间作，可用块茎、珠芽或种子繁殖。
形态特征：多年生草本，高10-30厘米。块茎近球形，直径1-2厘米。叶基生。叶柄长15-20厘米，近叶柄下部的内侧面生1白色珠芽；幼苗期的小叶通常为单叶，卵状心形，全缘，两面有疏生短柔毛；老株的叶为3小叶的复叶，小叶片长圆形或披针形，长3-10厘米，宽1-3厘米，先端细尖，基部有短柄，叶脉网状，无毛。花茎高出于嘻，长25-35厘米；佛焰苞长6-7厘米，外面绿色，筒部长1.5-2厘米；片部长4-5厘米，上面呈紫红色，内穗状花序长约1.5厘米。花单性，雌雄同株，无花被；雄花在花序上部，雄蕊2枚；雌花着生于花序下部，帖生在佛焰苞片上，子房卵球形，1室。花序轴先端附属物延伸呈鼠尾状。浆果卵圆形，先端尖，红色。花期5-7月，果期8-9月。
分    布：各地均产
生    境：低山林下或麦田、地边
繁殖方式：珠芽
习    性：阳生
药用部位：块茎
药用功能：化痰止咳、和胃健脾
药用主治：用于痰饮咳喘、胸脘痞闷、呃逆、呕吐、眩晕、痰劂等症；生用外治痈肿。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 23 (2010)
Pinellia ternata  (Thunberg) Tenore ex Breitenbach Bot. Zeitung. 37: 687. 1879.
半夏   ban xia
Arum ternatum Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, 827. 1784; Arisaema loureiroi Blume; A. macrourum (Bunge) Kunth; A. ternatum (Thunberg) Schott; Arum atrorubens Sprengel (1826), not Linnaeus (1753); A. bulbiferum Salisbury; A. bulbosum Persoon ex Kunth; A. fornicatum Roth; A. macrourum Bunge; A. subulatum Desfontaines; A. triphyllum Houttuyn (1774), not Linnaeus (1753); Hemicarpurus fornicatus (Roth) Nees; Pinellia angustata Schott; P. koreana K. H. Tae & J. H. Kim; P. ternata var. angustata (Schott) Engler; P. ternata var. giraldiana Engler; P. ternata var. subpandurata Engler; P. ternata var. vulgaris Engler; P. tuberifera Tenore, nom. illeg. superfl.; Typhonium tuberculigerum Schott.
Tuber globose, 1-2 cm in diam. Leaves 2-5; petiole 15-20 cm, base sheathing; bulbils present in sheath, at proximal or middle part of petiole, and at base of leaf blade; leaf blade 3-foliolate, sometimes pedate with 5 leaflets; leaflets greenish abaxially, green adaxially, oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, base cuneate, apex acuminate; anterior leaflet 3-10 × 1-3 cm; lateral leaflets (3-)4-7.5 × 1.8-2.3 cm, with 7-9(or 10) primary lateral veins per side, forming a collective vein along margin. Inflorescence including peduncle longer than petioles, 25-35 cm; peduncle 15-25 cm. Spathe greenish or whitish green, rarely purplish, slightly constricted, 6-7 cm; tube narrowly cylindric, 1.5-2 cm; limb green and usually violet at margin, oblong, 4-5 × ca. 1.5 cm, apex obtuse or acute. Spadix 9-10 cm; female zone ca. 2 cm, adnate to spathe; female flowers densely arranged; pistil 2.1-2.2 mm; ovary ovoid, ca. 1.8 × 1-1.1 mm; style distinct, attenuate; stigma very small, ca. 0.2 mm in diam., not broader than style; sterile zone between female and male flowers ca. 3 mm; male zone 5-7 mm; thecae elongate, ca. 1.2 mm, opening by a slit; appendix erect or sigmoid, green to violet, 6-7(-8) cm. Berries yellowish green to whitish, ovoid, with persistent stigma and style, 1-seeded. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = 28, 54, 72, 104, 115, 116, 128.
Grasslands, secondary forests, wastelands, cultivated lands; below 2500 m. Widely distributed in China, excluding Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Xinjiang, and Xizang [Japan (including Ryukyu Islands), Korea; naturalized in Europe and North America].
Pinellia ternata is a highly variable species in morphology and cytology. It differs from other Pinellia species by having bulbils at different parts of the petiole; bulbils on each petiole may be 1, 2, or 3. Fourteen sheets of specimens in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E), have been studied and counted: six specimens have bulbils at the proximal part of the petiole; five specimens show bulbils at the median part; one specimen has three bulbils located at the proximal and median parts and at the distal part; another specimen has two bulbils at the distal and proximal parts (6 May 1975, N. Togash s.n. from Tokyo); and one has two bulbils found at the distal and the median parts. After examining the variability in position and number of bulbils, we suggest that "Pinellia zinguiensis" H. Li (nom. nud.), with bulbils at both the distal and proximal parts of the petiole, must be a synonym of P. ternata. For the same reason, Engler’s four variants (P. ternata var. angustata, P. ternata var. giraldiana, P. ternata var. subpandurata, and P. ternata var. vulgaris) may not represent any independent systematic taxa. Pinellia koreana was described from Korea as differing by its pedate leaf blades with five leaflets; but strong growing plants sometimes produce pedate leaf blades, and, therefore, this is only a further synonym of P. ternata. It was collected from Korea, Mt. Chiri, 480 m, 10 Jun 1999 (fl.), K.-H. Tae 99-001 (holotype, TUT).Pinellia ternata is a highly variable species in morphology and cytology. It differs from other Pinellia species by having bulbils at different parts of the petiole; bulbils on each petiole may be 1, 2, or 3. Fourteen sheets of specimens in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E), have been studied and counted: six specimens have bulbils at the proximal part of the petiole; five specimens show bulbils at the median part; one specimen has three bulbils located at the proximal and median parts and at the distal part; another specimen has two bulbils at the distal and proximal parts (6 May 1975, N. Togash s.n. from Tokyo); and one has two bulbils found at the distal and the median parts. After examining the variability in position and number of bulbils, we suggest that "Pinellia zinguiensis" H. Li (nom. nud.), with bulbils at both the distal and proximal parts of the petiole, must be a synonym of P. ternata. For the same reason, Engler’s four variants (P. ternata var. angustata, P. ternata var. giraldiana, P. ternata var. subpandurata, and P. ternata var. vulgaris) may not represent any independent systematic taxa. Pinellia koreana was described from Korea as differing by its pedate leaf blades with five leaflets; but strong growing plants sometimes produce pedate leaf blades, and, therefore, this is only a further synonym of P. ternata. It was collected from Korea, Mt. Chiri, 480 m, 10 Jun 1999 (fl.), K.-H. Tae 99-001 (holotype, TUT).

《全国中草药汇编》:半夏

【拼音名】 Bàn Xià
【英文名】 RHIZOMA PINELLIAE
【别名】 三叶半夏、三叶老、三步跳、麻玉果、燕子尾
【来源】 本品为天南星科植物半夏Pinellia ternata （Thunb.） Breit. 的干燥块茎。夏、秋二季采挖，洗净，除去外皮及须根，晒干。
【性状】 本品呈类球形，有的稍偏斜，直径1～1.5cm。表面白色或浅黄色，顶端有凹陷的茎痕，周围密布麻点状根痕；下面钝圆，较光滑。质坚实，断面洁白，富粉性。无臭，味辛辣、麻舌而剌喉。
【鉴别】 （1） 本品粉末类白色。淀粉粒甚多，单粒类圆形、半圆形或圆多角形，直径2～20μm，脐点裂缝状、人字状或星状；复粒由2～6分粒组成。草酸钙针晶束存在于椭圆形黏液细胞中，或随处散在，针晶长20～110μm。螺纹导管直径10～24μm。
（2） 取本品粉末1g，加甲醇10ml，加热回流30分钟，滤过，滤液挥至约0.5ml,作为供试品溶液。另取精氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸对照品，加70％甲醇制成每1ml 各含1mg 的混合溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（附录Ⅵ B）试验，吸取供试品溶液5μl、对照品溶液1μl，分别点于同一以羧甲基纤维素钠为黏合剂的硅胶Ｇ薄层板上，以正丁醇－冰醋酸－水（8:3:1） 为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以茚三酮试液，在105℃ 加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
【炮制】 清半夏：取净半夏，大小分开，用8％白矾溶液浸泡至内无干心，口尝微有麻舌感，取出，洗净，切厚片，干燥。每100kg半夏，用白矾20kg。本品为椭圆形、类圆形或不规则片状，切面淡灰色至灰白色，可见灰白色点状或短线状维管束迹，有的残留栓皮处下方显淡紫红色斑纹。质脆，易折断，断面略呈角质样。气微，味微涩、微有麻舌感。
姜半夏：取净半夏，大小分开，用水浸泡至内无干心时；另取生姜切片煎汤，加白矾与半夏共煮透，取出，晾至半干，切薄片，干燥。每100kg半夏，用生姜25kg、白矾12.5kg。本品为片状、不规则颗粒状或类球形。表面棕色至棕褐色。质硬脆，断面淡黄棕色，常具角质样光泽。气微香，味淡、微有麻舌感，嚼之略粘牙。
【性味】 辛，温；有毒。
【归经】 归脾、胃、肺经。
【功能主治】 燥湿化痰，降逆止呕，消痞散结。用于痰多咳喘，痰饮眩悸，风痰眩晕，痰厥头痛，呕吐反胃，胸脘痞闷，梅核气；生用外治痈肿痰核。姜半夏多用于降逆止呕。
【用法用量】 3～9g。外用适量，磨汁涂或研末以酒调敷患处。
【注意】 不宜与乌头类药材同用。
【贮藏】 置通风干燥处，防蛀。
【摘录】 《全国中草药汇编》