栏目

海芋Alocasia macrorrhiza (Linn.) Schott

海芋Alocasia macrorrhiza (Linn.) Schott

别名:Asian taro;大叶野芋头;姑婆芋;滴水观音;尖尾野芋头;野山芋;臭柳子树;大虫芋;大海芋;野芋头;狼毒;山芋头;天荷;天芋;野芋;痕芋头;观音莲;天蒙;

科名:天南星科 Araceae

属名:海芋属 Alocasia

《中国植物志》第13(2)卷076页
  2.海芋(益都方物略记)羞天草(庚辛玉册),隔河仙、天荷(本草纲目),滴水芋、野芋(云南元江),黑附子(云南富民),麻芋头、野芋头(云南红河),麻哈拉(哈尼族语),大黑附子(云南景洪),天合芋(云南文山),大麻芋(云南思茅),“坡扣”(傣族语),天蒙、朴芋头(广西),大虫楼、大虫芋(广西苍梧),老虎芋(广西都安),卜茹根(广西玉林),野芋头(广西凌乐),野芋头、痕芋头、广东狼毒(广东),野山芋(广东海南),尖尾野芋头(广东广州),狼毒(广东、福建),姑婆芋(福建)图版14:2-9
  Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott in Osterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: 409. 1854; Engl. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 2: 502. 1879; Hook. f. , Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 526. 1893; Engl. et Krause in Engl., Pflanzenr. 71 (4, 23E): 84, fig. 15. 1920; Oagn. in Lecte. , Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 6: 1145. 1942; Merr. et Chun in Synyatsen. 2 (3-4) : 210. 1935; S. Y. Hu in Dansk Bot. Arkiv 23 (4) : 432. 1968. ——Arum macrorrhizum L., Sp. Pl. ed. 1: 965. 1753, ed. 2: 1369. 1763. ——Arum odorum Roxb., Hort. Bengal. 765. 1814, nom. nud. Fl., Ind., 3: 499. 1832; Wight, Icon. Pl. 3: t. 797. 1843; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 39. 1841; Hook. in Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 3935. 1842.——Caladium odorum Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 8: t. 641. 1822. ——Colocasia macrorrhiza Schott, Melet. 1: 18. 1832. ——Colocasia mucronata Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 40. 1841.——Alocasia odora (Roxb. ) Koch in Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. p. 5. 1854; Engl. in DC. , Monogr. Phan. 2: 503. 1879; Erigl. et Krause in Engl., Pflanzenr. 71 (4, 23E): 90. 1920; Gagn. in Lecte., Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 6:147. 1942; 广州植物志: 692, 图364. 1956. ——Colocasia odora Brongn. in Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris 3: 145. 1834.
  大型常绿草本植物,具匍匐根茎,有直立的地上茎,随植株的年龄和人类活动干扰的程度不同,茎高有不到10厘米的,也有高达3-5米的,粗10-30厘米,基部长出不定芽条。叶多数,叶柄绿色或污紫色,螺状排列,粗厚,长可达1.5米,基部连鞘宽5-10厘米,展开;叶片亚革质,草绿色,箭状卵形,边缘波状,长50-90厘米,宽40-90厘米,有的长宽都在一米以上,后裂片联合1/5-1/10,幼株叶片联合较多;前裂片三角状卵形,先端锐尖,长胜于宽,I级侧脉9-12对,下部的粗如手指,向上渐狭;后裂片多少圆形,弯缺锐尖,有时几达叶柄,后基脉互交成直角或不及90度的锐角。叶柄和中肋变黑色、褐色或白色。花序柄2-3枚丛生,圆柱形,长12-60厘米,通常绿色,有时污紫色。佛焰苞管部绿色,长3-5厘米,粗3-4厘米,卵形或短椭圆形;檐部蕾时绿色,花时黄绿色、绿白色,凋萎时变黄色、白色,舟状,长圆形,略下弯,先端喙状,长10-30厘米,周围4-8厘米。肉穗花序芳香,雌花序白色,长2-4厘米,不育雄花序绿白色,长(2.5-)5-6厘米,能育雄花序淡黄色,长3-7厘米;附属器淡绿色至乳黄色,圆锥状,长3-5.5厘米,粗1-2厘米,圆锥状,嵌以不规则的槽纹。浆果红色,卵状,长8-10毫米,粗5-8毫米,种子1-2。花期四季,但在密阴的林下常不开花。
  产江西、福建、台湾、湖南、广东、广西、四川、贵州、云南等地的热带和亚热带地区,海拔1700米以下,常成片生长于热带雨林林缘或河谷野芭蕉林下。国外自孟加拉、印度东北部至马来半岛、中南半岛以及菲律宾、印度尼西亚都有。也有栽培的。
  根茎供药用,对腹痛、霍乱、疝气等有良效。又可治肺结核、风湿关节炎、气管炎、流感、伤寒、风湿心藏病;外用治疗疮肿毒、蛇虫咬伤、烫火伤。调煤油外用治神经性皮炎。兽医用以治牛伤风、猪丹毒。本品有毒,须久煎并换水2-3次后方能服用。鲜草汁液皮肤接触后搔痒,误入眼内可以引起失明;茎、叶误食后喉舌发痒、肿胀、流涎、肠胃烧痛、恶心、腹泻、惊厥,严重者窒息、心脏麻痹而死。民间用醋加生姜汁少许共煮,内服或含嗽以解毒。
  根茎富含淀粉,可作工业上代用品,但不能食用。
形态特征:茎粗壮,高达3米,皮茶褐色,多粘液。叶聚生茎顶,叶柄长达1米,果直径约4毫米。
分    布:台湾、福建、江西等
生    境:山谷、水沟边
繁殖方式:分株
习    性:荫生
药用部位:全草
药用功能:解毒、消肿、疮疖
药用主治:解毒、消肿、疮疖

《Flora of China》 Vol. 23 (2010)
Alocasia odora  (Roxburgh) K. Koch Index Seminum Hort. Berol. 1854(App.): 5. 1854.
海芋   hai yu
Arum odorum Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 3: 499. 1832; Alocasia commutata Schott; A. tonkinensis Engler; Arum odoratum Heynhold; Caladium odoratissimum K. Koch; C. odoratum Ker Gawler (1822), not Loddiges (1820); Colocasia odora (Roxburgh) Brongniart.
Pachycaul herbs, massive, to 2.5 m, evergreen, with slightly milky latex. Stem erect to decumbent, with short stolons terminating in tubercles arising from base. Leaves several to rather many together, clustered at tips of stems of larger plants; petiole up to 1.5 m, sheath membranous; leaf blade peltate, cordate-sagittate or cordate-ovate, up to 130 × 100 cm, basal margins undulate, apex shortly acuminate; primary lateral veins 9-12 on each side, interprimary veins forming well-defined interprimary collective veins. Inflorescences 2 or 3 together among leaf bases, subtended by membranous cataphylls; peduncle stout, ca. 35 cm, exceeding cataphylls at anthesis. Spathe 13-25 cm, constricted ca. 1/6 of way from base; proximal part green, ovoid; limb cowl-like at anthesis, later reflexed, then deliquescent, greenish white, broadly oblong-lanceolate, 10-30 × 4-8 cm, membranous. Spadix shorter than spathe, shortly stipitate; female zone 1-2 × ca. 1.5 cm; pistil pale green, ca. 3 mm in diam.; stigma sessile, weakly 3-lobed, lobes blunt, pale green; sterile zone equaling male zone, ivory, very slightly narrowed corresponding to spathe constriction; synandrodes rhombic-hexagonal, ca. 2.5 mm in diam.; male zone whitish, cylindric, 3-5 × ca. 2 cm; synandria rhombic-hexagonal, convex-topped due to cap-forming synconnective, ca. 1.5 mm in diam.; appendix white, narrowly conic, 3-5.5 × 1-2 cm, equaling ca. 1/3 length of spadix, markedly thicker than male zone at base, slowly tapering toward apex. Fruiting spathe ca. 6 cm. Fruit ripening scarlet, globose, ca. 1 cm in diam.
Primary and secondary tropical rain forests, bamboo thickets, riverbanks, swamps, also on limestone; below 1700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, NE India (Assam), Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand].
Alocasia odora differs from A. macrorrhizos in having shortly peltate leaves (vs. deeply cordate at the base with the lateral lobes partially naked in the sinus in A. macrorrhizos).Alocasia odora differs from A. macrorrhizos in having shortly peltate leaves (vs. deeply cordate at the base with the lateral lobes partially naked in the sinus in A. macrorrhizos).

《全国中草药汇编》:海芋


【拼音名】 Hǎi Yù
【别名】 痕芋头、狼毒[广东]、野芋头、山芋头、大虫芋、天芋、天蒙
【来源】 天南星科海芋属植物海芋Alocasia odora (Roxb.) K. Koch的根状茎。全年可采,去外层粗皮,鲜用或切片晒干。
【性味】 微辛、涩,寒。有毒。
【功能主治】 清热解毒,消肿。用于感冒,肺结核,肠伤寒;外用治虫、蛇咬伤,疮疡肿毒。
【用法用量】 干品3~5钱,鲜品1~2两,久煎后方能内服;外用适量,鲜品捣烂敷患处,不能敷正常皮肤。
【注意】 久煎后方能内服;不能敷正常皮肤。
【备注】 (1)本品有毒。必须用大米共炒至焦黄,久煎(2小时以上)去毒,方可内服。生用或煎煮时间过短,会引起舌肿麻木,甚者有中枢神经中毒症状。轻症可饮米醋或生姜解毒。
【摘录】 《全国中草药汇编》
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