单一橡胶林冠层雨滴动能的空间分布规律解析
土壤退化是与土壤侵蚀、森林锐减、生物多样性丧失等密切相关的全球性关注热点。对西双版纳地区而言,近几十年的大面积橡胶种植对生态环境造成了极大的负面影响,这不仅导致了土壤的板结缺水,还引起了严重的水土流失、土壤侵蚀、土壤质量退化。
通常认为,雨水在经过森林冠层之后,其原有的动能会受到极大的削弱,因而降低了对土壤的冲击、减弱了土壤侵蚀。但事实上,林冠在削弱了雨滴动能的同时,也显著地增大了林冠雨滴的体积(叶片汇聚作用)。如果林冠较高、林下没有灌丛的缓冲,这些强势的大雨滴将对地表进行猛烈冲击—击散土粒、阻塞毛细孔、降低入渗、形成径流、带走土粒、导致侵蚀。对纯橡胶林而言,此情况尤为突出。
为定量评价单一橡胶种植对雨滴溅蚀动能空间分布的影响,版纳植物园生态水文研究组的博士研究生刘佳庆在导师刘文杰研究员的指导下,采用Tübingen恒湿溅蚀杯等方法,对林冠雨滴动能特征、空间分布规律及其影响因子等进行了相关实验。结果表明:随季节变化的叶面积指数并没有显著影响冠层雨滴动能的空间分布格局,测定点的冠层雨滴动能与距树干的水平距离也没有相关性;林冠穿透雨的大小则显著调控着雨滴动能的空间分布格局,会在林冠中部、边缘形成较高动能的雨滴汇集点;随着降雨量、雨强的增大,冠层雨滴动能的变异系数趋于稳定,其空间变异在小雨时也呈现出极强的自相关。这表明,独立冠层在小尺度上极大地影响着雨滴动能的分布格局,可导致林下形成高动能的雨滴汇集区,如果此处得不到下层植物的有效保护,将会导致严重的土壤侵蚀。
相关结果以Effects of rainfall on the spatial distribution of the throughfall kinetic energy on a small scale in a rubber plantation为题,在线发表在水文学重要期刊HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL上。 (有关复合橡胶林冠层雨滴动能的空间分布规律方面,参见Throughfall kinetic energy and its spatial characteristics under rubber-based agroforestry systems,已发表在土壤学重要期刊CATENA上)。
该研究得到国家基金(31570622、41271051)、云南省中青年学术带头人后备人才(2014HB042)、版纳园“135”方向一(2017XTBG-F01)的资助。
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the spatial distribution of the throughfall kinetic energy (TKE) on a small scale in a rubber plantation. The experiments used Tübingen splash cups with natural rainfall. The results indicate that the leaf area index did not significantly affect the TKE during the foliated season. There was no significant correlation between the TKE and the distance from the trunk. However, the lateral translocation of the throughfall in the canopy significantly affected the spatial distribution of the TKE, and high TKE points appeared in the middle and at the edge of the canopy. The results also show that the spatial distribution of the volume-specific TKE values was similar in different rainfall and rainfall intensity groups. The variogram of the spatial variability demonstrates that the TKE exhibited a strong spatial autocorrelation. We confirm that the rainfall redistribution is important for the spatial distribution of the TKE in a rubber plantation.
西双版纳地区纯橡胶林内的严重土壤侵蚀
纯橡胶林冠层雨滴动能的空间分布特征