茜草Rubia cordifolia Linn.

别名：红丝线

科名：茜草科 Rubiaceae

属名：茜草属 Rubia

《中国植物志》第71(2)卷315页
  34. 茜草（汉官仪）图版68: 6-12
  Rubia cordifolia Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 3: 229. 1768. et Mant. 2: 197. 1771; emend. Gaertn. in Nov. Com. Acad. Petrop. 14: 541. 1770; Pall. Reise Russ. Reich. 3 (2): t. 50, fig. 1. 1776; DC. Prodr. 4: 588. 1830; Nakai in Journ. Jap. Bot. 13: 779, 783. 1937. et 14: 121. 1938; Pojark. in Fl. URSS 23: 387. 1958 (excl. var. sylvatica Maxim.); Hara et Kurosawa in Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. IV (Biol.) 29: 259. 1963. ——R. cordifolia Linn. var. pratensis Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. 139. 1859; Kitagawa, Linneam. Fl. Mansh. 405. 1939.——R. cordifolia Linn. var. rotundifolia Franch. Pl. David. 1: 155. 1884.——R. pratensis (Maxim.) Nakai in Journ. Jap. Bot. 13: 781, 783. 1937. ——R. cordifolia Linn. ssp. pratensis (Maxim.) Kitamura in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 17: 7. 1957.
  草质攀援藤木，长通常1.5-3.5米；根状茎和其节上的须根均红色；茎数至多条，从根状茎的节上发出，细长，方柱形，有4棱，棱上生倒生皮刺，中部以上多分枝。叶通常4片轮生，纸质，披针形或长圆状披针形，长0.7-3.5厘米，顶端渐尖，有时钝尖，基部心形，边缘有齿状皮刺，两面粗糙，脉上有微小皮刺；基出脉3条，极少外侧有1对很小的基出脉。叶柄长通常1-2.5厘米，有倒生皮刺。聚伞花序腋生和顶生，多回分枝，有花10余朵至数十朵，花序和分枝均细瘦，有微小皮刺；花冠淡黄色，干时淡褐色，盛开时花冠檐部直径约3-3.5毫米，花冠裂片近卵形，微伸展，长约1.5毫米，外面无毛。果球形，直径通常4-5毫米，成熟时橘黄色。花期8-9月，果期10-11月。
  产东北、华北、西北和四川（北部）及西藏（昌都地区）等地。常生于疏林、林缘、灌丛或草地上。分布于朝鲜、日本和俄罗斯远东地区。
形态特征：多年生攀援草本。根黄赤色。茎细弱，有4棱，中空。棱角上有倒生刺。叶4片轮生；叶柄长短不一；叶片三角状卵形或狭卵形，长2-6厘米，宽1-4厘米，先端锐尖，基部平截至心形，全缘，基出脉5条，上面粗糙，下面中脉和叶柄有有倒刺。聚伞花序圆锥状，腋生或顶生；花小；花萼通常不明显；花冠淡黄色，5裂，裂片披针形；雄蕊5枚，着生于花筒内，花丝较短；子房下位，扁球形，2室；花柱2裂。浆果肉质球形，蓝黑色。花期7-9月，果期9-10月。
分    布：利川、兴山、宜昌、随县等
生    境：山地、草丛、沟边
繁殖方式：种子
习    性：阳生
药用部位：根
药用功能：凉血、止血、祛瘀
药用主治：用于吐血、衄血、咳血、尿血、便血、血崩、经闭瘀阻、跌打损伤等症。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 19 (2011)
Rubia cordifolia  Linnaeus Syst. Nat., ed. 12. 3: 229. 1768.
茜草   qian cao
Rubia cordifolia var. coriacea Z. Ying Zhang; R. cordifolia subsp. pratensis (Maximowicz) Kitamura; R. cordifolia var. pratensis Maximowicz; R. cordifolia var. rotundifolia Franchet; R. pratensis (Maximowicz) Nakai.
Vines, herbaceous, climbing or scrambling herbs, with red rhizomatous base and roots; stems to 3.5 m, several to many from base, often much branched, quadrangular, glabrous to puberulent, with ribs rounded to thinly winged, sparsely to densely retrorsely aculeolate. Leaves in whorls of 4 or more (up to 8 or rarely 12); petiole (1-)1.5-3(-6) cm; blade drying papery to thickly papery, usually remaining ± greenish, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, ovate, or oblong-ovate, (1-)1.5-4(-7) × (0.3-)0.5-1.5(-2.5) cm, length/breadth index mostly 2.5-4, glabrous to pilosulous or hirtellous, sparsely to densely scaberulous, base rounded, truncate, cordulate, or cordate, margin serrulate-aculeolate, apex obtuse and apiculate to acute or acuminate; principal veins 3 or 5, palmate. Inflorescences thyrsoid, paniculate, with terminal and axillary, several- to many-flowered cymes; axes glabrous to puberulent or pilosulous, ± aculeolate; bracts linear-lanceolate to ligulate, 1-3 mm; pedicels 1-4 mm. Ovary 0.5-0.8 mm, smooth to scaberulous. Flowers hermaphroditic (rarely polygamo-dioecious?). Corolla pale yellow or greenish yellow, rotate, glabrous, fused base 0.2-0.4 mm; lobes lanceolate, spreading to reflexed, 1.2-1.5 mm, caudate. Mericarp berry becoming orange then apparently black, 4-6 mm in diam. Fl. Aug-Sep, fr. Oct-Nov.
Sparse forests, forest margins, grasslands; 300-2800 m. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Hunan, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East); S and SE Asia to Sri Lanka and Java, through the Himalaya to Afghanistan; (sub)tropical Africa].
As noted by most previous authors (Pojarkova, Fl. URSS 23: 387-391. 1958; Ehrendorfer et al., Fl. Iranica 176: 52-53. 2005), the plants included in Rubia cordifolia s.l. comprise a geographically very widespread (from E and SE Asia to Afghanistan, from Sudan to S Africa), morphologically extremely "polymorphic," polyploid, and still most insufficiently understood racial complex. Its populations, together with related taxa, have been grouped into R. ser. Cordifoliae by Pojarkova (loc. cit.), characterized by their generally clambering to climbing habit; leaves and leaflike stipules in whorls of 4 or more, petiolate, palmately 3-7-veined; and corollas rotate to shortly campanulate, with anthers ellipsoid, somewhat curved, and 4-6 × shorter than the corolla lobes. Depending on narrow or wider species concepts and differential characters chosen, the elements of this series have been quite variously treated. In the present flora the following 16 species are assembled in R. ser. Cordifoliae: 1. R. alata, 2. R. argyi, 5. R. cordifolia, 6. R. crassipes, 14. R. linii, 17. R. manjith, 18. R. membranacea, 19. R. oncotricha, 20. R. ovatifolia, 21. R. pallida, 22. R. podantha, 25. R. pterygocaulis, 27. R. salicifolia, 31. R. sylvatica, 35. R. trichocarpa, and 37. R. wallichiana. Species 5, 14, 20, 31, and 37 are so close and linked by occasional intermediates that they can be understood as R. cordifolia s.l. or R. cordifolia agg. The above species description refers to R. cordifolia s.s.As noted by most previous authors (Pojarkova, Fl. URSS 23: 387-391. 1958; Ehrendorfer et al., Fl. Iranica 176: 52-53. 2005), the plants included in Rubia cordifolia s.l. comprise a geographically very widespread (from E and SE Asia to Afghanistan, from Sudan to S Africa), morphologically extremely "polymorphic," polyploid, and still most insufficiently understood racial complex. Its populations, together with related taxa, have been grouped into R. ser. Cordifoliae by Pojarkova (loc. cit.), characterized by their generally clambering to climbing habit; leaves and leaflike stipules in whorls of 4 or more, petiolate, palmately 3-7-veined; and corollas rotate to shortly campanulate, with anthers ellipsoid, somewhat curved, and 4-6 × shorter than the corolla lobes. Depending on narrow or wider species concepts and differential characters chosen, the elements of this series have been quite variously treated. In the present flora the following 16 species are assembled in R. ser. Cordifoliae: 1. R. alata, 2. R. argyi, 5. R. cordifolia, 6. R. crassipes, 14. R. linii, 17. R. manjith, 18. R. membranacea, 19. R. oncotricha, 20. R. ovatifolia, 21. R. pallida, 22. R. podantha, 25. R. pterygocaulis, 27. R. salicifolia, 31. R. sylvatica, 35. R. trichocarpa, and 37. R. wallichiana. Species 5, 14, 20, 31, and 37 are so close and linked by occasional intermediates that they can be understood as R. cordifolia s.l. or R. cordifolia agg. The above species description refers to R. cordifolia s.s.

《中国药典》:茜草

【拼音名】 Qiàn Cǎo
【英文名】 RADIX RUBIAE
【别名】 锯锯藤、拉拉秧、活血草、红茜草、四轮车、挂拉豆、红线草、小血藤、血见愁
【来源】 本品为茜草科植物茜草Rubia cordifolia L. 的干燥根及根茎。春、秋二季采挖，除去泥沙，干燥。
【性状】 本品根茎呈结节状，丛生粗细不等的根。根呈圆柱形，略弯曲，长10～25cm，直径0.2～1cm；表面红棕色或暗棕色，具细纵皱纹及少数细根痕；皮部脱落处呈黄红色。质脆，易折断，断面平坦皮部狭，紫红色，木部宽广，浅黄红色，导管孔多数。无臭，味微苦，久嚼刺舌。
【鉴别】 （1）本品根横切面：木栓细胞6～12列，含棕色物。皮层薄壁细胞有的含红棕色颗粒。韧皮部细胞较小。形成层不甚明显。木质部占根的主要部分，全部木化，射线不明显。薄壁细胞含草酸钙针晶束。
（2）取本品粉末0.2g，加乙醚5ml,振摇数分钟，滤过。滤液加氢氧化钠试液1ml，振摇，静置使分层，水层显红色；醚层无色，置紫外光灯（365nm）下观察，显天蓝色荧光。
（3）取本品粉末0.5g，置锥形瓶中，加甲醇10ml，超声处理30分钟，滤过，滤液浓缩至约1ml，作为供试品溶液。另取茜草对照药材0.5g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取大叶茜草素对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含2.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（附录Ⅵ B）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各5μl，分别点于同一以羧甲基纤维素钠为黏合剂的硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-丙酮（4:1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
【含量测定】 照高效液相色谱法（附录Ⅵ D）测定。
色谱条件与系统适用性试验 用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；甲醇-水-四氢呋喃（310:90:3）为流动相；检测波长为250nm。理论板数按大叶茜草素峰计算应不低于4000。
对照品溶液的制备 精密称取大叶茜草素对照品适量，加甲醇制成每1ml含80μg的溶液，即得。
供试品溶液的制备 取本品粉末约0.2g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加甲醇25ml，称定重量，浸泡过夜，超声处理30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
测定法 分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各5μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定,即得。
本品按干燥计算，含大叶茜草素（C17H15O4）不得少于0.40％。
【炮制】 茜草：除去杂质，洗净，润透，切厚片或段，干燥。
茜草炭：取茜草片或段，照炒炭法（附录Ⅱ D）炒至表面焦黑色。
【性味】 苦，寒。
【归经】 归肝经。
【功能主治】 凉血，止血，祛瘀，通经。用于吐血，衄血，崩漏，外伤出血，经闭瘀阻，关节痹痛，跌扑肿痛。
【用法用量】 6～9g。
【贮藏】 置干燥处。
【摘录】 《中国药典》