栏目

皂荚Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

皂荚Gleditsia sinensis Lam.

别名:刺皂;皂角子;眉皂;小皂荚;皂角树;刀皂;牙皂;山皂角;扁皂角;肥皂荚;肥皂树;鸡栖子;人见愁;穿心刺;山皂荚;皂角刺;鸟犀;皂节;金钩刺;脥皂;荚角刺;皂角;胰皂;胰角;猪芽皂;皂针;皂角针;皂角剌;皂荚刺;油皂;刀皂荚;皂荚树;猪牙皂;皂荚板;天丁;乌犀;小牙皂;猪牙皂荚;悬刀;台树;皂丁;皂刺;

科名:豆科 Leguminosae

属名:皂荚属 Gleditsia

《中国植物志》第39卷086页
  5.皂荚(神农本草经)皂角(中国高等植物图鉴)、皂荚树(浙江)、猪牙皂、牙皂(四川)、刀皂(湖南)图版29:6-10
  Gleditsia sinensis Lam. Encycl. 2: 465. 1786; Rehd. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 7: 154. 1926;陈嵘, 中国树木分类学505, 图400. 1937;中国主要植物图说——豆科80, 图81. 1955; Steward, Man. Vasc. Pl. Low. Yangtze. China 177, f. 168, 1958;裴鉴等, 江苏南部种子植物手册379. 图609. 1959; 中国高等植物图鉴2: 346, 图2422. 1972;四川省峨眉中药学校, 植物分类学报13: 50. 1975;西北植物研究所, 秦岭植物志1 (3): 6, 图4. 1981.——G. horrida Willd. Sp. Pl. 4 (2): 1098. 1806.——G. macracantha Desf. Hist. Arb. 2: 246. 1809; Sargent, Pl. Wils. 2: 90. 1914;陈嵘, 中国树木分类学506.1937.——G. officinalis Hemsl. in Kew Bull. 1892: 82. 1892; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学508. 1937;中国主要植物图说——豆科76. 1955;中国医学科学院药物研究所等, 中药志2: 158,图99. 1959;中国高等植物图鉴2: 345, 图2419. 1972.
  落叶乔木或小乔木,高可达30米;枝灰色至深褐色;刺粗壮,圆柱形,常分枝,多呈圆锥状,长达16厘米。叶为一回羽状复叶,长10-18(26)厘米;小叶(2)3-9对,纸质,卵状披针形至长圆形,长2-8.5 (12.5)厘米,宽1-4(6)厘米,先端急尖或渐尖,顶端圆钝,具小尖头,基部圆形或楔形,有时稍歪斜,边缘具细锯齿,上面被短柔毛,下面中脉上稍被柔毛;网脉明显,在两面凸起;小叶柄长1-2(5)毫米,被短柔毛。花杂性,黄白色,组成总状花序;花序腋生或顶生,长5-14厘米,被短柔毛;雄花:直径9-10毫米;花梗长2-8(10)毫米;花托长2.5-3毫米,深棕色,外面被柔毛;萼片4,三角状披针形,长3毫米,两面被柔毛;花瓣4,长圆形,长4-5毫米,被微柔毛;雄蕊8(6);退化雌蕊长2.5毫米;两性花:直径10-12毫米;花梗长2-5毫米;萼、花瓣与雄花的相似,惟萼片长4-5毫米,花瓣长5-6毫米;雄蕊8;子房缝线上及基部被毛(偶有少数湖北标本子房全体被毛),柱头浅2裂;胚珠多数。荚果带状,长12-37厘米,宽2-4厘米,劲直或扭曲,果肉稍厚,两面臌起,或有的荚果短小,多少呈柱形,长5-13厘米,宽1-1.5厘米,弯曲作新月形,通常称猪牙皂,内无种子;果颈长1-3.5厘米;果瓣革质,褐棕色或红褐色,常被白色粉霜;种子多颗,长圆形或椭圆形,长11-13毫米,宽8-9毫米,棕色,光亮。花期3-5月;果期5-12月。
  产河北、山东、河南、山西、陕西、甘肃、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、湖南、湖北、福建、广东、广西、四川、贵州、云南等省区。生于山坡林中或谷地、路旁,海拔自平地至2500米。常栽培于庭院或宅旁。猪牙皂的模式标本采自四川。
  本种木材坚硬,为车辆、家具用材;荚果煎汁可代肥皂用以洗涤丝毛织物;嫩芽油盐调食,其子煮熟糖渍可食。荚、子、刺均入药,有祛痰通窍、镇咳利尿、消肿排脓、杀虫治癣之效。
  所谓猪牙皂实即本种,其所结之短小、弯曲而无种子的荚,原是一类不正常的果。
形态特征:乔木,高达15米;刺粗壮,通常有分枝,长可达16厘米,圆柱形。羽状复叶簇生,具小叶6-14枚;小叶长卵形,长椭圆形至卵状披针形,长3-8厘米,宽1.5-3.5厘米,先端钝或渐尖,基部斜圆形或斜楔形,边缘有细锯齿,无毛。花杂性,排成总状花序,腋生;萼钟状,有4枚披针形裂片;花瓣4,白色;雄蕊6-8;子房条形,沿缝线有毛。荚果条形,不扭转,长12-30厘米,宽2-4厘米,微厚,黑棕色,被白色粉霜。
分    布:东北、华北、华东、华南及四川等
生    境:路旁、沟旁、宅旁或向阳处
繁殖方式:种子
习    性:阳生
药用部位:荚瓣、种子
药用功能:祛瘀通窍、消炎排脓、癣
药用主治:祛瘀通窍、消炎排脓、癣

《Flora of China》 Vol. 10 (2010)
Gleditsia sinensis  Lamarck Encycl. 2: 465. 1788.
皂荚   zao jia
Gleditsia horrida Willdenow; G. macracantha Desfon-taines; G. officinalis Hemsley.
Trees or small trees, to 30 m tall. Branches grayish to deep brown. Spines robust, terete, conical, to 16 cm, often branched. Leaves pinnate, 10-18(-26) cm; petiolules 1-2(-5) mm, puber-ulent; leaflets (2 or)3-9 pairs, ovate-lanceolate to oblong, 2-8.5(-12.5) × 1-4(-6) cm, papery, abaxially slightly pubescent on midvein, adaxially puberulent, reticulate veinlets conspicu-ously raised on both surfaces, base rounded or cuneate, some-times slightly oblique, margin serrate, apex acute or acuminate, tip rounded, mucronate. Flowers polygamous, yellowish white, in axillary or terminal, puberulent racemes 5-14 cm. Male flowers: 9-10 mm in diam.; pedicels 2-8(-10) mm; receptacle deep brown, 2.5-3 mm, outside pubescent; sepals 4, triangular-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, both sides pubescent; petals 4, oblong, 4-5 mm, puberulent; stamens (6-)8; rudimentary pistil ca. 2.5 mm. Bisexual flowers: 10-12 mm in diam.; pedicels 2-5 mm; sepals and petals similar to those of male flowers but longer; stamens 8; ovary hairy at base and on sutures; ovules numer-ous; stigma 2-lobed. Legume brown or reddish brown, curved, strap-shaped, 12-37 × 2-4 cm, straight or twisted, with slightly thick pulp, swollen on both surfaces, some legumes shorter and smaller, ± terete, 5-13 × 1-1.5 cm, without seeds; stipe 1-3.5 cm; valves leathery, often farinose. Seeds numerous, brown, shiny, oblong or elliptic, 11-13 × 8-9 mm. Fl. Mar-May, fr. May-Dec. 2n = 28*.
● Mountain slopes, forests, valleys, near roads; 200-2500 m. An-hui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hu-bei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, ?Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yun-nan, Zhejiang.
Specimens from Sichuan called "zhu ya zao," named as Gleditsia officinalis, with curved, small fruit without seeds, are an abnormal type and are referable to this species.Specimens from Sichuan called "zhu ya zao," named as Gleditsia officinalis, with curved, small fruit without seeds, are an abnormal type and are referable to this species.

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