栏目

枸骨Ilex cornuta Lindl. et Paxt.

枸骨Ilex cornuta Lindl. et Paxt.

别名:Chinese holly;枸肋;红矛;六角茶;老鼠树;老鼠怕;羊角刺;老虎脚板底;苦丁茶;构骨冬青;构骨;狗钉刺;鹅掌簕;狗骨刺;百鸟不停;枸骨冬青;钝齿冬青;枸骨叶;功劳叶;六角刺;狗头刺;岗古栎;八角茶;猫儿刺;老虎刺;猫儿香;老鼠刺;十大功劳;圣诞树;貓儿刺;鸟不宿;八角刺;无刺枸骨;

科名:冬青科 Aquifoliaceae

属名:冬青属 Ilex

《中国植物志》第45(2)卷085页
  55.枸骨(本草纲目、中国高等植物图鉴)猫儿刺(本草纲目),老虎刺、八角刺(中国高等植物图鉴),鸟不宿(云南植物志),构骨(误写,浙江植物志),狗骨刺(江西安福),猫儿香、老鼠树(江苏植物志)图版11:5-8
  Ilex cornuta Lindl. et Paxt. Flow. Garn. 1: 43, fig. 27. 1850, et in Garn. Chron. 1850: 311. 1850; Loud. Encyc. pl. Suppl. 2: 1302. 1855; Hook. in Bot. Mag. 14: pl. 3059. 1858; Moore in Journ. Bot. 16: 137. 1878; Maxim. in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. VII. 29 (3): 44. 1881; Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 115. 1886; Loes. ex Diels in Bot. Jahrb. 29: 436. 1900 Loes. in Nov. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 78: 280 (Monog. Aquif. 1: 280). 1901, et in Sarg. Pl. Wils. 1: 78. 1. 911; Schneid. Ill. Hand. Laubh. 2: 164. 1912; Levl. in Mem. Real. Acad. Cien. Art. 12: 13. 1916; Gee in Sci. (China) 6: 212. 1921; Chung in Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1: 139. 1924; Liu in Bull. Pek. Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 126. 1928; Belval, Mus. Heude Not. Bot. Chin. 2: 21. 1933; Hand.-Maza. Symb. Sin. 7: 656. 1933; Cheng in Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China 9: 171. 1934; Chen, Ill. Man. Chin. Trees 657. 1937; S. Y. Hu in Journ. Arn. Arb. 30 (3) : 353. 1949;中国高等植物图鉴2: 650,图3029. 1972,补编2: 208. 1983, in Clavi; 云南种子植物名录, 上册740. 1984; 云南植物志4: 237. 1986; 湖南植物名录219. 1987; 安徽植物志3: 347, 图1333. 1988; 河南植物志2: 510, 图1433. 1988; 浙江植物志4: 14, 图4-21. 1993,——I. fortunei Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1857: 868. 1857; Chung in Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1: 140. 1924, excl. syn;湖北植物大全279. 1993. ——I. cornuta f. typica Loes. 1. c. 281. 1901 ——I. cornuta f. gaetana Loes. 1. c. ——I. furcata Limdl. in Hortis: Goppert in Gartenfl. 1853: 322. 1854 ——I. burfordii S. R. Howell. Descr. Nurs. 19. 1935, nom. nud.——I. cornuta var. burfordii De France in Nat. Hort. Mag. 13: 193. 1934; Clarke in Journ. Hort. Soc. 6: 284. 1945; ——I. cornuta f. burfordii (De France) Rehd. in Bibl. Cilt. Trees Shrubs 400. 1949.——I. cornuta var. fortuuei (Lindl.) S. Y. Hu in Journ. Arn. Arb. 30: 356. 1949.
  常绿灌木或小乔木,高(0.6-)1-3米;幼枝具纵脊及沟,沟内被微柔毛或变无毛,二年枝褐色,三年生枝灰白色,具纵裂缝及隆起的叶痕,无皮孔。叶片厚革质,二型,四角状长圆形或卵形,长4-9厘米,宽2-4厘米,先端具3枚尖硬刺齿,中央刺齿常反曲,基部圆形或近截形,两侧各具1-2刺齿,有时全缘(此情况常出现在卵形叶),叶面深绿色,具光泽,背淡绿色,无光泽,两面无毛,主脉在上面凹下,背面隆起,侧脉5或6对,于叶缘附近网结,在叶面不明显,在背面凸起,网状脉两面不明显;叶柄长4-8毫米,上面具狭沟,被微柔毛;托叶胼胝质,宽三角形。花序簇生于二年生枝的叶腋内,基部宿存鳞片近圆形,被柔毛,具缘毛;苞片卵形,先端钝或具短尖头,被短柔毛和缘毛;花淡黄色,4基数。雄花;花梗长5-6毫米,无毛,基部具1-2枚阔三角形的小苞片;花萼盘状;直径约2.5毫米,裂片膜质,阔三角形,长约0.7毫米,宽约1.5毫米,疏被微柔毛,具缘毛;花冠辐状,直径约7毫米,花瓣长圆状卵形,长3-4毫米,反折,基部合生;雄蕊与花瓣近等长或稍长,花药长圆状卵形,长约1毫米;退化子房近球形,先端钝或圆形,不明显的4裂。雌花:花梗长8-9毫米,果期长达13-14毫米,无毛,基部具2枚小的阔三角形苞片;花萼与花瓣像雄花;退化雄蕊长为花瓣的4/5,略长于子房,败育花药卵状箭头形;子房长圆状卵球形,长3-4毫米,直径2毫米,柱头盘状,4浅裂。果球形,直径8-10毫米,成熟时鲜红色,基部具四角形宿存花萼,顶端宿存柱头盘状,明显4裂;果梗长8-14毫米。分核4,轮廓倒卵形或椭圆形,长7-8毫米,背部宽约5毫米,遍布皱纹和皱纹状纹孔,背部中央具1纵沟,内果皮骨质。花期4-5月,果期10-12月。
  产于江苏、上海市、安徽、浙江、江西、湖北、湖南等省区,云南昆明等城市庭园有栽培,欧美一些国家植物园等也有栽培;生于海拔150-1900米的山坡、丘陵等的灌丛中、疏林中以及路边、溪旁和村舍附近。分布于朝鲜。模式标本采自上海。
  本种之树形美丽,果实秋冬红色,挂于枝头,与欧洲之圣诞树Ilex aquifolium L.可以媲美并代替供庭园观赏。其根、枝叶和果入药,根有滋补强壮、活络、清风热、祛风湿之功效;枝叶用于肺痨咳嗽、劳伤失血、腰膝痿弱、风湿痹痛;果实用于阴虚身热、淋浊、崩带、筋骨疼痛等症。种子含油,可作肥皂原料,树皮可作染料和提取栲胶,木材软韧,可用作牛鼻栓。
形态特征:常绿灌木或小乔木,高3-4米;树皮灰白色,平滑。叶梗革质,矩圆状四方形,长4-8厘米,宽2-4厘米,顶端扩大,有硬而尖的刺齿3,基部平截,两侧各有尖硬刺齿1-2。花黄绿色,4数,雌雄异株,簇生二年生的枝上。果球形,鲜红色,直径8-10毫米,分核4颗。
分    布:长江中下游各省
生    境:山坡、谷地、溪边杂木林或灌丛中
繁殖方式:种子
习    性:阳生
药用部位:叶、果实
药用功能:清热解毒、消炎、滋补强壮
药用主治:清热解毒、消炎、滋补强壮

《Flora of China》 Vol. 11 (2008)
Ilex cornuta  Lindley & Paxton
枸骨   gou gu
Ilex burfordii S. R. Howell; I. cornuta f. burfordii (De France) Rehder; I. cornuta var. burfordii De France; I. cornuta var. fortunei (Lindley) S. Y. Hu; I. cornuta f. gaetana Loesener; I. fortunei Lindley; I. furcata Lindley ex G?ppert; I. reevesiana Fortune.
Shrubs or small trees, evergreen, (0.6-)1-4 m tall. Young branchlets longitudinally ridged and sulcate, puberulent or glabrescent along groove; older branchlets gray-white, subterete, longitudinally minutely fissured, leaf scars raised, lenticels absent. Petiole 4-8 mm, adaxially narrowly sulcate and puberulent; leaf blade abaxially greenish, adaxially deep green, shiny, quadrangular-oblong, rarely ovate, 4-9 × 2-4 cm, thickly leathery, both surfaces glabrous, midvein impressed adaxially, lateral veins 5 or 6 pairs, anastomosing near margin, evident abaxially, obscure adaxially, base rounded or subtruncate, margin with 1 or 2 spines per side, sometimes entire, apex with 1 strong spine often reflexed. Inflorescences: cymes, fasciculate, axillary on second year’s branchlets; persistent scales suborbicular, pubescent and ciliate; bracts ovate, pubescent, ciliate, apex obtuse or mucronate; flowers yellowish, 4-merous. Male inflorescences: cymes of order 1 or 2, 1-3-flowered; pedicels 5-6 mm, glabrous; bracteoles basal, broadly deltoid; calyx discoid, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., lobes broadly deltoid, ca. 0.7 × 1.5 mm, membranous, sparsely puberulent, ciliate; corolla rotate, ca. 7 mm in diam., petals reflexed, oblong-ovate, 3-4 mm, basally connate; stamens ca. as long as or slightly longer than petals, anthers oblong-ovoid, ca. 1 mm; rudimentary ovary subglobose, apex obtuse or rounded, indistinctly 4-lobed. Female inflorescences: 1-flowered cymes; pedicels 7-9 mm, glabrous; bracteoles 2, basal, broadly triangular; calyx and corolla as in male flowers; staminodes ca. 4/5 as long as petals, sterile anthers ovoid-sagittate; ovary oblong-ovoid, 3-4 mm, ca. 2 mm in diam., stigma discoid, 4-lobed. Fruit red, globose, 8-10 mm in diam.; fruiting pedicel 1.3-1.4 cm; persistent calyx quadrangular; persistent stigma discoid, distinctly 4-lobed; pyrenes 4, obovoid or ellipsoidal, 7-8 mm, ca. 5 mm in diam., rugose and rugose-pitted throughout, abaxially longitudinally 1-sulcate, endocarp bony. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Aug-Dec. 2n = 38*.
Shrubby areas, sparse forests, hillsides, streamsides, roadsides, near villages; 100-1900 m. Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Tianjin, Zhejiang [Korea].

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